Motivation for Learning English as a Foreign Language in Japanese Elementary Schools

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Motivation To Learn A Foreign Language In Malaysia (2009, methodology): “…based on a synthesis of items appearing in the literature on the reasons to learn a foreign language (Kimura et al., 2001; Schmidt et al. 1996; and Carreira, 2004) The data were subjected to the Rasch instrument model for validation of the instrument using WINSTEPS version 3.48 (Linacre and…”
Motivating young language learners: A longitudinal model of self-determined motivation in elementary school foreign language classes. (2017, methodology): “Differing from previous findings of statistically significant decrease across years in Japanese elementary schools (Carreira, 2006, 2011), autonomous motivation showed a slight, non-significant increase over time (April M = 3.73, March M = 3.80, t = 1.87, p = 0.06).”
Parental factors in children’s motivation for learning English: a case in China (2015, methodology): “For example, Carreira (2012) examined Japanese elementary school students’ motivation based on the SDT.”
English language education among young learners in East Asia: A review of current research (2004–2014) (2015, background): “Carreira (2006) found that Japanese children’s intrinsic and extrinsic motivation declined as the grade level increased. Carreira (2011) reported that not only Japanese students’ motivation for learning English but also their intrinsic motivation for studying in general declined as the grade level i”