Ethnic Identity among Monoracial and Multiracial Early Adolescents

By M. Spencer, L. Icard, Tracy W. Harachi, R. Catalano, M. Oxford. 2000

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Examining Ethnic Identity and Self-Esteem Among Biracial and Monoracial Adolescents (2004, background): “Because of different cultural and societal experiences, Latinos are not typically grouped with Whites or Blacks in existing research (e.g., Martinez and Dukes, 1997; Phinney, 1992; Phinney and Alipuria, 1996; Smith et al., 1999; Spencer et al., 2000 ), although they may share racial (i.e., phenotyp”
Critical Issues in the Measurement of Ethnic and Racial Identity: A Referendum on the State of the Field (2007, unknown): “, 1999) or 14 items (Lee & Yoo, 2004; Spencer et al., 2000).”
Assessing the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure for Measurement Equivalence Across Racial and Ethnic Groups (2007, methodology): “…the initial two-factor structure of the ethnic identity portion of the MEIM (i.e., affirmation/belonging and exploration) identified by Roberts et al. (1999) and Spencer et al. (2000) across the four groups was unsatisfactory, w2(212, N = 1,349) = 885.19, p< :01, TLI = .87, CFI = .90, RMSEA = .05.”
Counseling Adolescents toward Wellness: The Roles of Ethnic Identity, Acculturation, and Mattering. (2004, methodology): “The factor structure of the MEIM was confirmed in a study with 2,184 adolescents, in which two factors were identified: Identification and Exploration ( Spencer, Icard, Harachi, Catalano, & Oxford, 2000 ).”