Linguistic skills and speaking fluency in a second language

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Fluency in Second Language Testing: Insights From Different Disciplines (2018, background): “…also been integrated speaking tasks, such as retelling a film (Towell & Dewaele, 2005; Towell et al., 1996); integrating a combination of reading, pictures, and listening as input (Révész et al., 2016); and integrating reading and pictures as input (Bosker et al., 2013; De Jong et al., 2013, 2015).”
Predicting pauses in L1 and L2 speech: the effects of utterance boundaries and word frequency (2016, unknown): “Other studies, however, have suggested that pause duration is not related to proficiency (De Jong et al. 2013; De Jong et al. 2015; Towell et al. 1996).”
The Effects of Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency on Communicative Adequacy in Oral Task Performance (2014, methodology): “Following De Jong et al. (2013), speed fluency was operationalized as inverse articulation rate or mean duration of syllables, which we obtained by dividing speaking time (excluding pauses) with the number of syllables.”
Effects of Task Complexity on L2 Writing Behaviors and Linguistic Complexity (2017, methodology): “In a study examining links among these facets, Jarvis found that volume, evenness, and dispersion are highly correlated.”