Development and validation of the Multimodal Presence Scale for virtual reality environments: A confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory approach

By Guido Makransky, Lau Lilleholt, Anders Aaby. Computers in Human Behavior, 2017

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User Acceptance of Virtual Reality: An Extended Technology Acceptance Model (2020, background): “Presence is seen as one of the most important features of VR, with practical relevance for the design and evaluation of virtual environments (Lee, 2004; Makransky, Lilleholt, & Aaby, 2017).”
Adding immersive virtual reality to a science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning (2017, background): “…items in the knowledge test, one item in the transfer test, and three items in the presence scale had positive ﬁ t residuals above the critical value of ± 2.5 which is an indication that the items do not measure the intended construct appropriately (Pallant & Tennant, 2007; Makransky et al., 2017).”
Immersive VR and Education: Embodied Design Principles That Include Gesture and Hand Controls (2018, background): “Several surveys are available for assessing the amount of presence in a mediated experience (Slater and Wilbur, 1997; Makransky et al., 2017).”