The Implications of “Contamination” for Experimental Design in Education

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Red Light, Purple Light: Findings From a Randomized Trial Using Circle Time Games to Improve Behavioral Self-Regulation in Preschool (2011, background): “These types of contamination effects, however, are often found to be small or negligible (Rhoads, 2009; Torgerson, 2001).”
Impacts of the CARE for Teachers Program on Teachers’ Social and Emotional Competence and Classroom Interactions (2017, background): “Therefore, we anticipated the risk of contamination would be well below the approximately 50% threshold at or beyond which the random assignment of schools instead of teachers within schools would be preferable (Rhoads, 2011).”
The Effect of Teacher Coaching on Instruction and Achievement: A Meta-Analysis of the Causal Evidence (2018, background): “Although this approach has disadvantages such as increasing the likelihood of spillover effects and limiting the opportunities for peer learning and support, we see the benefits of increased power as far outweighing these drawbacks (Rhoads, 2011).”