Cognitive Representations of Black Americans: Reexploring the Role of Skin Tone

By Keith B. Maddox, Stephanie A. Gray. 2002

464 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Cognitive Neuroscience, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/04a4083e6cefd459e5bda973689f1728c0853813

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Citations in the corpus

Skin tone, crime news, and social reality judgments: Priming the stereotype of the dark and dangerous black criminal. (2005, background): “While the general race effect seemed to be present across those measures that found differences, Maddox and Gray (2002) and others (Blair et al., 2002; Livingston & Brewer, 2002) have argued that skin tone is one of the many features that are related to differential perceptions of Blacks.”
The role of perceived race and gender in the evaluation of college teaching on RateMyProfessors.Com. (2010, background): “The feelings of hostility and threat evoked by the negative stereotypes of Blacks and Latinos (Bodenhausen & Lichtenstein, 1987; Devine, 1989) help explain how students can describe being physically afraid in the classrooms of Black male professors (Jackson & Crawley, 2003; Maddox & Gray, 2002).”
“Mixed” Results (2015, background): “Research with monoracial populations has documented that having a more prototypical “minority” appearance leads to increased discrimination (e.g., Maddox & Gray, 2002) and that people whose appearance is more prototypically “minority” are perceived as identifying more strongly with their racial…”
Intergroup Perception and Cognition: An Integrative Framework for Understanding the Causes and Consequences of Social Categorization (2017, unknown): “…with more prototypical phenotypic characteristics are ascribed more stereotypic traits, behaviors, and outcomes (Blair, Judd, & Chapleau, 2004; Blair, Judd, Sadler, & Jenkins, 2002; Eberhardt, Davies, Purdie-Vaughns, & Johnson, 2006; Maddox, 2004; Maddox & Gray, 2002; but see Wilson & Rule, 2015).”
Target prototypicality moderates racial bias in the decision to shoot (2011, unknown): “…Rosch, 1978; Rothbart & John, 1985), although the idea has experienced a resurgence recently (e.g., Blair, Judd, & Chapleau, 2004; Blair, Judd, & Fallman, 2004; Blair, Judd, Sadler, & Jenkins, 2002; Eberhardt, Davies, Purdie-Vaughns, & Johnson, 2006; Livingston & Brewer, 2002; Maddox & Gray, 2002).”
The Hidden Prejudice in Selection: A Research Investigation on Skin Color Bias (2009, background): “…colorism suggest that Blacks are perceived as being more attractive when their phenotypic features (e.g., nose shape, lip size, hair texture) are more closely analogous to that of Whites than their African ancestors (Fears, 1998; Maddox & Gray, 2002; Oliver, Jackson, Moses, & Dangerfield, 2004).”
Skin Tone Stratification among Black Americans, 2001–2003 (2014, background): “…motivated, educated, and attractive, while being more likely to describe darker-skinned blacks as unattractive, criminal, unintelligent, and lazy (Maddox and Gray 2002).2 Consequently, while it may be the case that white gatekeepers may have an increased role in shaping the life chances of…”
The Social, Psychological, and Political Causes of Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System (2010, unknown): “"Colorism" is the "tendency to perceive or behave toward members of a racial category based on the lightness or darkness of their skin tone" (Maddox and Gray 2002, p. 250).”
Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results (2018, background): “In societies as diverse as India, China, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, Jamaica, the Philippines, the United States, Chile, Kenya, and Senegal, light skin is seen as a sign of beauty, status, and social worth (Maddox & Chase, 2004; Maddox & Gray, 2002; Sidanius, Pena, & Sawyer, 2001; Twine, 1998).”
Seeing black: race, crime, and visual processing. (2004, background): “Recently, researchers have documented that people are attentive to physical trait variation among Black Americans (Blair, Judd, Sadler, & Jenkins, 2002; Livingston, 2001; Maddox & Gray, 2001; Williams & Eberhardt, 2004).”
From Dark to Light: Skin Color and Wages Among African-Americans (2007, unknown): “Moreover, skin shade played a profound role in the acquisition of social status for black Americans following the abolition of slavery.7 Maddox and Gray (2002) report that both whites and blacks attribute more positive attributes and greater social status to lighter-skinned blacks.”
A boy primed Sue: feature‐based processing and person construal (2007, unknown): “…is indeed sensitive to subtle differences in people’s facial appearance (Blair, Chapleau, & Judd, 2005; Blair, Judd, & Chapleau, 2004; Blair et al., 2002; Livingston & Brewer, 2002; Locke, Macrae, & Eaton, 2005; Maddox & Gray, 2002; Uhlmann, Dasgupta, Elgueta, Greenwald, & Swanson, 2002).”
Subgroup prejudice based on skin color among Hispanics in the United States and Latin America (2002, result): “…stereotypes about intelligence and criminality to the correlation between light skin color and higher social class—serve to legitimize and reinforce the stigmatization of Morenos (Dominguez, 1994; Simpson, 1993; Wade, 1997; also see Maddox & Gray, 2002, for a similar finding for African Americans).”
Manipulating subcategory salience: exploring the link between skin tone and social perception of Blacks (2004, methodology): “This is consistent with prior evidence suggesting that both Black and White participants represent Blacks as a function of skin tone and are aware of cultural differences between light- and dark-skinned Blacks (Maddox & Gray, 2002).”
Testing a Culture-Specific Extension of Objectification Theory Regarding African American Women's Body Image (2008, background): “Given the historical and contemporary role of skin tone in the perception of African Americans and other people of color (Hunter, 2002; Maddox & Gray, 2002; Wade & Bielitz, 2005), subjective variables related to skin tone need to be addressed both theoretically and empirically in the body-image…”