Skin Tone Stratification among Black Americans, 2001–2003

213 citations recorded by the source corpus.

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

Racial categories in machine learning (2018, background): “Indeed, it is neither the case that race can be reduced to phenotype, nor that phenotype can be reduced to race: there is broad empirical evidence that shows that intraracially among people identified as black, the lighter skinned are treated favorably by schools and the criminal justice system comp”
The color of punishment: African Americans, skin tone, and the criminal justice system (2018, background): “A substantial (and growing) amount of evidence strongly suggests that African Americans’ life chances and outcomes are significantly associated with variation in their skin colour (Keith and Herring 1991; Hunter 2005; Monk 2014).”