Manipulating subcategory salience: exploring the link between skin tone and social perception of Blacks

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The independent effects of skin tone and facial features on Whites' affective reactions to Blacks (2012, background): “…Blacks are perceived, evaluated, and treated more negatively than lighter-skinned Blacks by both Whites and Blacks (Anderson & Cromwell, 1977; Averhart & Bigler, 1997; Dixon & Maddox, 2005; Hall, 1992, 2003, 2005; Maddox & Chase, 2004; Maddox & Gray, 2002; Wade, Romano, & Blue, 2004).”
Differentially dangerous? Phenotypic racial stereotypicality increases implicit bias among ingroup and outgroup members (2011, background): “In addition to this awareness of stereotypes based on skin tone, Blacks describe darker-skinned Blacks in more stereotypic terms than lighterskinned Blacks, including perceptions of criminality and aggression (Maddox & Gray, 2002; see also Maddox & Chase, 2004).”
Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results (2018, background): “In societies as diverse as India, China, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, Jamaica, the Philippines, the United States, Chile, Kenya, and Senegal, light skin is seen as a sign of beauty, status, and social worth (Maddox & Chase, 2004; Maddox & Gray, 2002; Sidanius, Pena, & Sawyer, 2001; Twine, 1998).”