Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics--approaching a definition.

By J. Schrezenmeir, M. Vrese. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001

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Effects of Gut Microbes on Nutrient Absorption and Energy Regulation (2012, background): “Probiotics are classically defined as living, nonpathogenic microbes that, when ingested in sufficient amounts, stimulate beneficial effects in the host, typically by multifactorial mechanisms.(136,137) The impact of probiotic supplementation on host energy regulation remains insufficiently investig”
Folate Production by Probiotic Bacteria (2011, background): “Probiotics are defined as ―live microbes which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host‖ [27].”
Potential effects of probiotics in cheese and yogurt production: A review (2012, background): “Probiotics can be defined as “live microbial food supplements that beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance and prebiotics, nondigestible food ingredients that encourage the growth and activity of favorable intestinal bacteria” [1, 2].”
Probiotics and competitive exclusion of pathogens in shrimp aquaculture (2020, background): “Similarly, type VI secretion systems deliver effectors (substrates) directly into the cytoplasm of recipient cells (Cianfanelli et al., 2016) resulting in death (Hood et al., 2010; MacIntyre et al., 2010; Schwarz et al., 2010; Murdoch et al., 2011; Russell et al., 2014).”