Formation and Stability of Nano-Emulsions Prepared Using the Phase Inversion Temperature Method

By P. Izquierdo, J. Esquena, T. Tadros, C. Dederen, M. J. García, N. Azemar, C. Solans. 2002

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Design and production of nanoparticles formulated from nano-emulsion templates-a review. (2008, methodology): “Themain results appear to show that nanometric-sized emulsion droplets are formed when the whole phase to be dispersed appears solubilizedin the bicontinuous system in the phase diagram [59,60,80].”
Production of sub-micron emulsions by ultrasound and microfluidization techniques (2007, background): “Nano(submicron) emulsions are kinetically stable systems that can be transparent (EDS < 200 nm) or ‘‘milky” (EDS 500 nm) (Izquierdo et al., 2002; Tadros, Izquierdo, Esquena, & Solans, 2004), and because of their very small EDS and high kinetic stability, they have been applied in various industrial…”
Re-coalescence of emulsion droplets during high-energy emulsification (2008, background): “…factors that affect the HLB of the system, such as temperature, electrolyte concentration, etc., or catastrophic inversion induced by increasing the dispersed phase volume fraction (Forgiarini, Esquena, Gonzalez, & Solans, 2001; Izquierdo et al., 2002; Tadros, Izquierdo, Esquena, & Solans, 2004).”