The SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey – II. 450‐μm data: evidence for cold dust in bright IRAS galaxies

By L. Dunne, S. Eales. 2001

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This is the second in a series of papers presenting results from the SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey. In our first paper we provided 850-μm flux densities for 104 galaxies selected from the IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample and we found that the 60-, 100-μm (IRAS) and 850-μm (SCUBA) fluxes could be adequately fitted by emission from dust at a single temperature. In this paper we present 450-μm data for the galaxies. With the new data, the spectral energy distributions of the galaxies can no longer be fitted with an isothermal dust model – two temperature components are now required. Using our 450-μm data and fluxes from the literature, we find that the 450/850-μm flux ratio for the galaxies is remarkably constant, and this holds from objects in which the star formation rate is similar to our own Galaxy, to ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) such as Arp 220. The only possible explanation for this is if the dust emissivity index for all of the galaxies is ∼2 and the cold dust component has a similar temperature in all galaxies . The 60-μm luminosities of the galaxies were found to depend on both the dust mass and the relative amount of energy in the warm component, with a tendency for the temperature effects to dominate at the highest L60. The dust masses estimated using the new temperatures are higher by a factor of ∼2 than those determined previously using a single temperature. This brings the gas-to-dust ratios of the IRAS galaxies into agreement with those of the Milky Way and other spiral galaxies which have been intensively studied in the submm.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics

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Citations in the corpus

• A simple model to interpret the ultraviolet, optical and infrared emission from galaxies (2008, background): “…dependence on grain size and temperature (Andriesse 1974; Hildebrand 1983; Draine & Lee 1984; Reach et al. 1995; Agladze et al. 1996; Boulanger et al. 1996; Mennella et al. 1998; see also section 3.4 of Dunne & Eales 2001 and section 4 of Dale & Helou 2002 for discussions on the constraints on β).”
• SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF LOCAL LUMINOUS AND ULTRALUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES (2012, methodology): “…obtained using the Submillimeter Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope were taken from Dunne et al. (2000) and Dunne & Eales (2001), while 1.49 GHz radio data obtained at the Very 1 A complete description of the multi-wavelength data can be found on the…”
• Probing the dust properties of galaxies up to submillimetre wavelengths. II. Dust-to-gas mass ratio trends with metallicity and the submm excess in dwarf galaxies (2011, methodology): “They fitted their data with the Dunne & Eales (2001) two-component modified blackbodies to derive the total dust mass of their galaxies.”
• ISM properties in low-metallicity environments II. The dust spectral energy distribution of NGC 1569 (2003, background): “Our emissivity index of 1 is lower than that found by Dunne & Eales (2001) for a sample of IR-bright galaxies (β 2).”
• Inverse temperature dependence of the dust submillimeter spectral index (2003, background): “Observations of the diffuse interstellar medium at large scales favour β around 2 (see for example Boulanger et al. 1996; Dunne & Eales 2001).”
• The Physical Conditions for Massive Star Formation: Dust Continuum Maps and Modeling (2002, background): “A recent submillimeter survey measured the dust masses, MD, and FIR to submillimeter ( 1–1000 lm) luminosities, LFIR, of bright local IRAS galaxies (Dunne & Eales 2001).”
• Starburst and AGN activity in ultraluminous infrared galaxies (2003, methodology): “We compiled additional IR photometry for Arp220 from Klaas et al (1997), and additional sub-mm photometry from Chini et al (1986); Rigopoulou, Lawrence & Rowan-Robinson (1996) and Dunne & Eales (2001).”
• THE EVOLVING INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES SINCE z = 2 AS PROBED BY THEIR INFRARED SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS (2012, methodology): “…provide an adequate solution to the problem (Dale et al. 2012), a two-temperature black body fit is more realistic and returns dust masses that are larger by a factor of ∼ 2 compared to those derived based on a single Td MBB (Dunne & Eales 2001), in line with those inferred by the DL07 technique.”
• The Hubble Deep Field-North SCUBA Super-map - IV. Characterizing submillimetre galaxies using deep Spitzer imaging (2006, methodology): “The SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey (SLUGS, Dunne et al. 2000; Dunne & Eales 2001) measured the submm fluxes of galaxies from the IRAS-bright galaxy sample.”
• Far-infrared spectral energy distribution fitting for galaxies near and far (2012, background): “The value of β is largely assumed to be 1.5 (and usually ranges 1–2, Hildebrand 1983), although this could be a result of the original wavelengths for which data were gathered on local starbursting samples (Dunne & Eales 2001).”
• Dusty Star Forming Galaxies at High Redshift (2014, background): “The spectral emissivity index, β , is often assumed to be 1.5 (and is found to usually range between 1 and 2 in starburst galaxies Hildebrand, 1983; Dunne and Eales, 2001; Chapin et al., 2011).”
• HERSCHEL-ATLAS GALAXY COUNTS AND HIGH-REDSHIFT LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS: THE FORMATION OF MASSIVE EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES (2011, background): “…the 50− 500µm range (in the rest-frame) such a SED can be approximated, to better than 10 − 20%, by a sum of two greybodies, each described by Sν ∝ ν3+β ehν/kTd − 1 , (1) with temperatures Td ≈ 30 K and ≈ 60 K, and dust emissivity indices β = 1.7 and 2, respectively (see also Dunne & Eales 2001).”
• EXTRAGALACTIC MILLIMETER-WAVE SOURCES IN SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE SURVEY DATA: SOURCE COUNTS, CATALOG, AND STATISTICS FOR AN 87 SQUARE-DEGREE FIELD (2009, background): “The sources with IRAS-FSC counterparts are consistent with nearby sources that have typical dust temperatures of 25–35 K (Dunne & Eales 2001), while the sources without IRAS-FSC counterparts have ISSA 100 μm flux consistent with zero and thus must either be at moderate to high redshift or have…”
• GRAVITATIONAL LENS MODELS BASED ON SUBMILLIMETER ARRAY IMAGING OF HERSCHEL-SELECTED STRONGLY LENSED SUB-MILLIMETER GALAXIES AT z > 1.5 (2013, background): “…a dust temperature, Tdust: Sν ∝ ν3+β exp(hν/kTdust)− 1 (4) An analysis of more complicated models that incorporate additional temperature components (e.g., Dunne & Eales 2001; Planck Collaboration et al. 2011) or allow the frequency at which the thermal emission becomes optically thick to vary…”
• 350 μm Dust Emission from High-Redshift Quasars (2006, background): “Furthermore, there may well be a cold dust component for which emission would remain hidden below that of the warm component even if it contained up to three times the mass of the warm component (Dunne et al. 2000; Dunne & Eales 2001).”
• ISM MASSES AND THE STAR FORMATION LAW AT Z = 1 TO 6: ALMA OBSERVATIONS OF DUST CONTINUUM IN 145 GALAXIES IN THE COSMOS SURVEY FIELD (2015, background): “Empirical fits to the observed long wavelength SEDs suggest β = 1.5 – 2 (Dunne & Eales 2001, Clements, Dunne & Eales 2009) for local galaxies.”
• SHARC-2 350 μm Observations of Distant Submillimeter-selected Galaxies (2006, methodology): “More complex SEDmodels, e.g., the two-temperature model used by Dunne & Eales (2001), were not considered, since these require a greater number of parameters than can be determined from the few, often just two, photometric data points available for the typical SMG. SED models, whether incorporating…”
• A Herschel view of the far-infrared properties of submillimetre galaxies (2012, methodology): “However, this difference is expected, because, as already noticed in Dunne & Eales (2001), single temperature models require lower values ofβ than multi-component models.”
• The SCUBA 8-mJy survey - I. Submillimetre maps, sources and number counts (2001, methodology): “Dunne & Eales (2001) have examined the issue of calibration errors in detail using the data from the ‘SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey’ taken with the narrow-band 850-/450-mm filters.”