The Hubble Deep Field-North SCUBA Super-map - IV. Characterizing submillimetre galaxies using deep Spitzer imaging

By Adrian Pope, D. Scott, Mark Dickinson, R. Chary, G. Morrison, C. Borys, A. Sajina, D. M. Alexander, E. Daddi, D. Frayer and 9 more. 2006

299 citations recorded by the source corpus.

We present spectral energy distributions (SEDs), Spitzer colours, and infrared (IR) luminosities for 850-μm selected galaxies in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey Northern (GOODS-N) field. Using the deep Spitzer Legacy images and new data and reductions of the Very Large Array-Hubble Deep Field (VLA-HDF) radio data, we find statistically secure counterparts for 60 per cent (21/35) of our submillimetre (submm) sample, and identify tentative counterparts for another 12 objects. This is the largest sample of submm galaxies with statistically secure counterparts detected in the radio and with Spitzer. Half of the secure counterparts have spectroscopic redshifts, while the other half have photometric redshifts. We find that in most cases the 850-μm emission is dominated by a single 24-μm source, with a median flux density of 241 μJy, leading to a median 24-to-850-μm flux density ratio of 0.040. A composite rest-frame SED shows that the submm sources peak at longer wavelengths than those of local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). Using a basic grey-body model, 850-μm selected galaxies appear to be cooler than local ULIRGs of the same luminosity. This demonstrates the strong selection effects, both locally and at high redshift, which may lead to an incomplete census of the ULIRG population. The SEDs of submm galaxies are also different from those of their high-redshift neighbours, the near-IR selected BzK galaxies, whose mid-IR-to-radio SEDs are more like those of local ULIRGs. Using 24-μm, 850-μm and 1.4-GHz observations, we fit templates that span the mid-IR through radio to derive the integrated IR luminosity (LIR) of the submm galaxies and find a median value of LIR(8–1000 μm) = 6.0 × 1012 L. By themselves, 24-μm and radio fluxes are able to predict LIR reasonably well because they are relatively insensitive to temperature. However, the submm flux by itself consistently overpredicts LIR when using spectral templates which obey the local ULIRG temperature–luminosity relation. The shorter Spitzer wavelengths sample the stellar bump at the redshifts of the submm sources, and we find that the Spitzer photometry alone provides a model-independent estimate of the redshift, σ[Δz/(1 + z)] = 0.07. The median redshift for our secure submm counterparts is 2.0. Using X-ray and mid-IR data, only 5 per cent of our secure counterparts (1/21) show strong evidence for an active galactic nucleus dominating the LIR.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2b2c09756bf91fb534ed73d0e01ca404f4ee7296

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In Astronomy and Astrophysics

1. P. Hopkins
2. L. Hernquist
3. R. Dav'e
4. D. M. Alexander
5. R. Somerville
6. A. Dekel
7. D. Narayanan
8. Thomas J. Cox

Citations in the corpus

• An ALMA survey of the SCUBA-2 CLS UDS field: physical properties of 707 sub-millimetre galaxies (2019, unknown): “The early measurements of the redshift distribution of SMGs were hampered by incompleteness and errors in the identification of counterparts for single-dish sources (Chapman et al. 2005; Pope et al. 2006; Wardlow et al. 2011), although the results favoured a median redshift of z 2.3.”
• AzTEC millimetre survey of the COSMOS field – I. Data reduction and source catalogue (2008, methodology): “The identification of radio counterparts has often been used to improve on the positional uncertainty of SMGs (e.g. Ivison et al. 2002; Chapman et al. 2003, 2005; Pope et al. 2005, 2006; Ivison et al. 2007).”
• EXTRAGALACTIC MILLIMETER-WAVE SOURCES IN SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE SURVEY DATA: SOURCE COUNTS, CATALOG, AND STATISTICS FOR AN 87 SQUARE-DEGREE FIELD (2009, background): “…masses of ∼1011 M and total far-infrared luminosities of ∼1013 L (Swinbank et al. 2004; Greve et al. 2005; Chapman et al. 2005; Kovács et al. 2006; Pope et al. 2006); (2) they are forming stars prodigiously at ∼1000 M yr−1 (Chapman et al. 2005; Tacconi et al. 2006); (3) their abundance appears…”
• COSBO: The MAMBO 1.2 Millimeter Imaging Survey of the COSMOS Field (2007, background): “Submillimeter andmillimeter wide field imaging surveys with SCUBA andMAMBO have revealed a population of active starforming galaxies at high redshifts (see Blain et al. 2002 for an early review and for more recent surveys: Scott et al. 2002; Greve et al. 2004; Coppin et al. 2006; Pope et al. 2006).”
• The formation of high-redshift submillimetre galaxies (2009, background): “…RAS, MNRAS 401, 1613–1619 at H averford C ollege L ibrary on Septem ber 30, 2014 http://m nras.oxfordjournals.org/ D ow nloaded from The 1:1 major mergers in the most massive (MDM ≈ 2 × 1013 M ) haloes produce SMGs comparable to the most luminous observed (Coppin et al. 2006; Pope et al. 2006).”
• COLOR–MAGNITUDE RELATIONS OF ACTIVE AND NON-ACTIVE GALAXIES IN THE CHANDRA DEEP FIELDS: HIGH-REDSHIFT CONSTRAINTS AND STELLAR-MASS SELECTION EFFECTS (2010, background): “…strongly star-forming, dust-obscured galaxies atz≈ 1–3 that have been studied extensively (e.g., Alexander et al. 2005a, 2005b; Chapman et al. 2005; Pope et al. 2006, 2008; Biggs et al. 2010; Laird et al. 2010; Swinbank et al. 2010; Wardlow et al. 2010) but have yet to be put into the context of…”
• VERY HIGH GAS FRACTIONS AND EXTENDED GAS RESERVOIRS IN z = 1.5 DISK GALAXIES (2009, methodology): “…not to adopt the IR luminosities for SMGs estimated by Greve et al. (2005) but use a lower conversion factor between 850µm flux and IR luminosity to account for the evidence that their SEDs are colder than previously thought (e.g., Pope et al. 2006; 2008; Kovacs et al. 2006; Daddi et al. 2009).”
• VLT/VIMOS integral field spectroscopy of luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies: 2D kinematic properties (2013, unknown): “On the other hand, several authors have suggested that high-z LIRGs are scaled-up versions of low-z LIRGs (e.g., Pope et al. 2006; Papovich et al. 2007; Elbaz et al. 2010; Nordon et al. 2010; Takagi et al. 2010; Elbaz et al. 2011; Nordon et al. 2012).”
• A Herschel view of the far-infrared properties of submillimetre galaxies (2012, methodology): “Pope et al. (2006) and Banerji et al. (2011) argue instead that this lack of low-luminosity galaxies at high redshift couldbe due to an evolution of their SEDs.”
• A survey of molecular gas in luminous sub-millimetre galaxies (2012, unknown): “4 GHz b (J2000) (Jy km s−1) (σ ) (km s−1) (mJy) (µJy) Detections SMM J021725−045934 (4–3) 02 17 25.16 −04 59 34.7 2.292 1.1 ± 0.19 4.7 850 ± 90 4.5 ± 1.9 57 ± 10 SMM J021738−050339 (4–3) 02 17 38.71 −05 03 39.7 2.037 3.2 ± 0.5 5.3 930 ± 70 4.4 ± 1.7 57 ± 10 SMM J021738−050528c (4–3) 02 17 38.91 −05 ”
• GOODS-HERSCHEL AND CANDELS: THE MORPHOLOGIES OF ULTRALUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES AT z ∼ 2 (2011, methodology): “Submillimeter surveys have also been used (e.g., Conselice et al. 2003; Tacconi et al. 2008; Swinbank et al. 2010), but tend to pick out extreme systems at high redshift with a bias toward cold dust emission (Pope et al. 2006).”
• IMAGING THE MOLECULAR GAS IN A SUBMILLIMETER GALAXY AT z = 4.05: COLD MODE ACCRETION OR A MAJOR MERGER? (2010, background): “Lensing would also help explain the extreme (apparent) luminosity of GN20 (Pope et al. 2006).”
• The Star Formation History of the Universe as Revealed by Deep Radio Observations (2008, background): “Therefore, the lack of exception- ally high SFR sources locally is not a volume selection effect and the presence of very high SFR galaxies at high redshift is observed in surveys at other wavelengths (e.g. in the submm Chapman et al. 2005; Muxlow et al. 2005; Pope et al. 2006).”
• Dynamical Properties of z ~ 2 Star-forming Galaxies and a Universal Star Formation Relation (2007, background): “Star formation rates for the SMGs are from 850 m flux densities and R ¼ 110S850 m (mJy), derived from the Pope et al. (2006) average conversion from S850 m to FIR luminosity and a continuous star formation model.”
• TWO BRIGHT SUBMILLIMETER GALAXIES IN A z = 4.05 PROTOCLUSTER IN GOODS-NORTH, AND ACCURATE RADIO-INFRARED PHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFTS (2008, methodology): “Due to the relation between redshift and 850µm flux density (Ivison et al. 2002; Pope et al 2006),Herschelmight detect the bulk of the most active merger-powered galaxies in the distant universe, and possibly accounting for an important fraction ofthe SFRD in the early universe.”
• Submillimetre galaxies in a hierarchical universe: number counts, redshift distribution, and implications for the IMF (2012, background): “Approximately 10 per cent of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey-North (GOODS-N) 850-μm (Pope et al. 2006), GOODS-N 1.1-mm (Chapin et al. 2009), SHADES 850-μm (Ivison et al. 2007; Clements et al. 2008) and Great Observatories Origins Deep SurveySouth (GOODS-S) 1.1-mm (Yun et al. 2012)…”
• Radiative Feedback from Massive Black Holes in Elliptical Galaxies: AGN Flaring and Central Starburst Fueled by Recycled Gas (2007, methodology): “The very high luminosity peaks (LIR 1045Y1046 ergs s 1) correspond to one component of the SCUBA sources seen at z 2 (see, e.g., Pope et al. 2006).”