AN EXAMINATION OF RATER ORIENTATIONS AND TEST-TAKER PERFORMANCE ON ENGLISH-FOR-ACADEMIC-PURPOSES SPEAKING TASKS

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Discourse Characteristics of Writing and Speaking Task Types on the "TOEFL iBT"® Test: A Lexico-Grammatical Analysis. "TOEFL iBT"® Research Report. TOEFL iBT-19. Research Report. RR-13-04. (2013, methodology): “Brown, Iwashita, and McNamara (2005) focused on spoken responses but similarly considered differences across score levels and independent versus integrated tasks.”
DECONSTRUCTING COMPREHENSIBILITY (2012, unknown): “In a more recent study on the validation of TOEFL iBT speaking scales, Brown, Iwashita, and McNamara ( 2005 ) found a close correspondence between the aspects of speaking profi ciency that raters attended to— without the guidance of a rating instrument—and several quantitative measures used to…”
Rater Experience, Rating Scale Length, and Judgments of L2 Pronunciation: Revisiting Research Conventions (2013, background): “Brown et al. (2005) spearheaded work on this in the assessment of speaking, although little L2 assessment research has focused on pronunciation specifically.”
Assessed Levels of Second Language Speaking Proficiency: How Distinct? (2007, background): “Douglas suggested that think-aloud studies of rating processes be undertaken in order to understand more thoroughly the bases upon which the raters are making their judgments, a strategy which was adopted in the larger study (Brown et al. 2005) from which the data in this paper are drawn.”