Toward a Model of Reading Fluency.

By S. Samuels. 2006

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Basic Reading Skills and the Literacy of America's Least Literate Adults: Results from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) Supplemental Studies. NCES 2009-481. (2009, background): “, driving a car or playing a piano), becomes more automatic over time (Adams 1990; Breznitz 2006; Carver 1990; LaBerge and Samuels 1974; Rasinski 2006; Samuels 2006).”
The Complex Nature of Reading Fluency: A Multidimensional View (2008, background): “However, Ehri (2005) and Samuels (2006) point out that in order to be fluent, readers must have unitized words such that that they are recognized by sight; furthermore, this recognition must be automatic to ensure fluent reading (Torgesen et al., 2001).”
From “What is Reading?” to What is Literacy? (2016, background): “Rather, it is significantly influenced by the degree of alignment between the text’s content and readability level and the reader’s prior knowledge and skillfulness (Samuels, 2006).”
Modeling the Relationships Between Cognitive-Linguistic Skills and Literacy Skills: New Insights From a Transparent Orthography (2011, background): “…when the word reading accuracy levels are very high, reading fluency skills indexed by accurate and fast reading may give a misleading picture of the overall reading competence of children with important implications for their academic development (Kamhi, 2009b; Paris et al., 2005; Samuels, 2006).”