The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice.

By Amos Tversky, Daniel Kahneman. 1981

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Rapid Trust Calibration through Interpretable and Uncertainty-Aware AI (2020, background): “77 Research since has suggested that some such errors can be mitigated by presenting probabilities in a form closer to humans’ natural mental representations of them as frequencies of events.”
Does Chatter Really Matter? Dynamics of User-Generated Content and Stock Performance (2012, background): “Second, for investors, negative information may be more important than positive information because losses loom larger than Marketing Science 31(2), pp. 198–215, ©2012 INFORMS 201 gains (Tversky and Kahneman 1981).”
Do Loss-Framed Persuasive Messages Engender Greater Message Processing Than Do Gain-Framed Messages? A Meta-Analytic Review (2008, background): “…are more likely to prefer a risky (versus less-risky) decision option if the option is presented in a way that emphasizes avoiding possible losses rather than obtaining possible gains (the classic study is Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; for a review, see Kuhberger, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, & Perner, 1999).”
Perceptions of time in relation to climate change (2014, unknown): “62,63 Following from this, if it is easy to recall information and images of a plane crash, for example, the risk of such an event occurring will be overestimated.”
The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis (2004, background): “Although there are of course exceptions to these generalizations, they do capture much of the spirit of the two disciplines.3 For example, while psychologists certainly do propose abstract theories of human behavior from time to time, the vast majority of academic psychologists conduct experiments.”
Regulatory focus and investment decisions in small groups (2007, background): “induce either a promotion or prevention focus with a framing manipulation (cf. Tversky & Kahneman, 1981 ).”
The neural systems that mediate human perceptual decision making (2008, background): “Although traditional psychological theories conjecture that the decision-making process consists of components that act in a hierarchical manner, with serial progression from perception to action (for example, see Ref”
Attitudes and the Attitude-Behavior Relation: Reasoned and Automatic Processes (2000, background): “…1955), social psychologists have shown that people take intuitive short-cuts to arrive at their judgments and decisions (Nisbett & Ross, 1980;Tversky & Kahneman, 1974,1981), often base their impressions of others on pre-existing categories or schemas (Fiske & Neuberg, 1990), and are ready…”
Reconciling Efficient Markets with Behavioral Finance: The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis (2005, background): “However, a number of studies have shown that human decision making does not seem to conform to rationality and market efficiency but exhibits certain behavioral biases that are clearly counterproductive from the financial perspective; for example, overconfidence (Fischoff and Slovic, 1980; Barber an”
Reference-Dependent Consumption Plans (2009, background): “For instance, Tversky and Kahneman (1981) and Rabin and Weizsäcker (2007) found that subjects narrowly bracket two separate pairwise choices even when they know the two chosen lotteries would be played out and reported at the same time.”
Ecosystem Services in Decision Making: Time to Deliver (2009, background): “However, our model of change begs an important question: what actually motivates changes in decisions and behavior (Tversky and Kahneman 1981) – monetary rewards, legal sanctions, guilt, approval by peers? How can these be included in a conscious process of cultural evolution (Kahneman 1980)? When s”