Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-β and NF-κB

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Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy (2022, background): “The transcription factor NF-κB exhibits higher levels in liver and adipose tissues during IR.(318) Further, activation of NF-κB translocation to the nucleus leads to upregulated of the expression of target genes that encoded inflammatory mediators, like TNF-α and IL-6, which are released by hypertro”
The role for endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetes mellitus. (2008, background): “It is possible that ER stress activates IKK- and NF- B signaling in the liver (261), thereby inducing proinflammatory cytokines and consequently insulin resistance (262, 263).”
A ceramide-centric view of insulin resistance. (2012, background): “TLRs signal through IkKb and NFkB, and the Shoelson group has identified this pathway as an important contributor to impaired glucose tolerance (Cai et al., 2005; Donath and Shoelson, 2011; Kim et al., 2001; Yuan et al., 2001).”
Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity (2006, background): “Selective activation of NF-κB, causing continuous low-level expression of IKKβ, in hepatocytes from a transgenic mouse model leads to moderate systemic insulin resistanc”