Apprenticeship in the British ‘Training Market’

By P. Ryan, L. Unwin. National Institute Economic Review, 2001

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Workforce Skills and Innovation: An Overview of Major Themes in the Literature. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 55. (2011, background): “Around 70% of young people undertake an apprenticeship with a completion rate of around 75-80% (Ryan and Unwin, 2001).”
Occupational Closure and Wage Inequality in Germany and the United Kingdom (2015, background): “Approximately 190 apprenticeships are offered in the United Kingdom, but they are a heterogeneous array of programmes with no explicit coordination with employers, no agreed-upon meaning of the ‘apprenticeship’ label, and no centralized oversight (Ryan and Unwin, 2001).”
Voice without accountability: the changing relationship between employers, the state and education in England (2004, background): “In the UK, the bulk of apprenticeships are managed by private training providers, with employers simply providing work placements, with only 5% of apprenticeships directly sponsored by individual employers (Ryan & Unwin, 2001).”
Creating a 'Modern Apprenticeship': A critique of the UK's multi-sector, social inclusion approach (2003, background): “By 1990, apprenticeship accounted for just two-thirds of 1% of total employment, and this has continued to drop so that in 2001, apprenticeship stocks stand at between one-sixth and one-ninth of the share of employment (see Ryan & Unwin, 2001).”