Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race.

By A. Smedley, Brian D. Smedley. American Psychologist, 2005

1,108 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Genetics, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c4ca5bcd7bf7d92e500369858cd505a082597c70

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Citations in the corpus

Racial microaggressions and the Asian American experience. (2009, background): “Keywords: Asian American experience, racial microaggressions, microinsult, microinvalidation It is well documented that racism has been a constant, continuing, and embedded part of American history and society (Jones, 1997; Smedley & Smedley, 2005).”
Racial microaggressions in the life experience of Black Americans. (2008, background): “Microaggressions are implicated in creating inequities for Black Americans in education (Steele, 2003), employment (Miller & Travers, 2005), and health care (Smedley & Smedley, 2005).”
Differences in Experiences of Racial and Ethnic Microaggression among Asian, Latino/Hispanic, Black, and White Young Adults (2015, neutral): “Unquestionably, there are inherent limitations in categorizing racial and ethnic groups based on socially-constructed phenotypical groupings that actually represent considerable diversity within each group (Smedley & Smedley, 2005).”
Intersectionality and research in psychology. (2009, result): “This shift is consistent with recent calls in psychology (Helms, Jernigan, & Mascher, 2005; Smedley & Smedley, 2005) and other social sciences (e.g., Hancock, 2005; McCall, 2005).”
Latino Fathers: The Relationship Among Machismo, Acculturation, Ethnic Identity, and Paternal Involvement (2010, background): “Therefore, it may be important to conceptualize the origin of macho attitudes in the larger societal context (see Smedley & Smedley, 2005).”
Researching Race Within Educational Psychology Contexts (2014, background): “…is the potential to create systems where some groups have more access to better jobs, education, housing, and medical care than other groups (Massey, 2007; Ossorio & Duster, 2005; Smedley & Smedley 2005), which, in this case, may result in the aforementioned health and educational disparities.”
Aspects of Psychological Resilience among Transgender Youth (2011, background): “Comparisons of racial and ethnic categories have been discouraged in the literature because they have limited explanatory power, and race is a conceptually limited and meaningless construct ( Helms, Jernigan, & Mascher, 2005 ; Smedley & Smedley, 2005 ).”
STIGMA: BARRIER TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE AMONG ETHNIC MINORITIES (2005, background): “Psychiatric services are more often sought by Caucasians than by African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian American, and Hispanic American groups (Byrd & Clayton, 2001; Jones, 2003; Smedley et al., 2003; Smedley & Smedley, 2005; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999).”
Racial and ethnic identity: Developmental perspectives and research. (2007, background): “…Psychological Association 2007, Vol. 54, No. 3, 259–270 0022-0167/07/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.259 259 important, the use of race has moved from its strictly demographic origin and now reflects sociological processes, namely, the social distance between groups (Smedley & Smedley, 2005).”
From Speculation to Epistemological Violence in Psychology (2008, background): “There have been a variety of significant challenges to the concept of ‘race’ in the human sciences (e.g., American Anthropological Association, 1998) but also in psychology (Smedley & Smedley, 2005; Sternberg, Grigorenko, & Kidd, 2005; Tate & Audette, 2001).”
Sexual Orientation Microaggressions: “Death by a Thousand Cuts” for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth (2011, background): “Racism and other forms of discrimination have been embedded as part of American society on social, political, and economic levels (Smedley & Smedley, 2005 ).”
Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice. (2007, background): “Although much has been written about contemporary forms of racism, many studies in health care (Smedley & Smedley, 2005), education (Gordon & Johnson, 2003), employment (Hinton, 2004), mental health (Burkard & Knox, 2004), and other social settings (Sellers & Shelton, 2003) indicate the difficulty…”