“John thinks that Mary thinks that…” attribution of second-order beliefs by 5- to 10-year-old children ☆

By Josef Perner, Heinz Wimmer. 1985

Subfields: Cognitive Science & Psychology

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Citations in the corpus

Evaluating Theory of Mind in Question Answering (2018, background): “Perner and Wimmer (1985) found that 6- and 7-year old children are able to answer the second-order questions, suggesting that reasoning about higher-order beliefs (as compared to a first-order belief) is a harder cognitive task.”
What are the Links Between Theory of Mind and Social Relations? Review, Reflections and New Directions for Studies of Typical and Atypical Development (2004, background): “Later developments include understanding (i) mistaken beliefs about beliefs (Perner & Wimmer, 1985); (ii) the role of pre-existing biases and expectations in influencing both personal tastes (Carpendale & Chandler, 1996) and how people interpret either ambiguous events (Pillow & Henrichon, 1996) or…”
How language relates to belief, desire, and emotion understanding (2003, unknown): “The Time 4 second order false belief task was based on Perner and Wimmer (1985) .”
Horton and Wohl Revisited: Exploring Viewers' Experience of Parasocial Interaction (2011, background): “Mutual awareness and attention imply that an individual is not only aware of another person, but also senses that the other person is aware of him or her, and that the other person knows that they are mutually aware of each other (Perner & Wimmer, 1985).”
Mindful storytellers: Emerging pragmatics and theory of mind development (2013, background): “…mental state concepts, such as beliefs about beliefs or beliefs about intention (e.g. John knows that Mary doesn’t know the teacher is arriving) (Perner & Wimmer, 1985; Sullivan, Zaitchik, & Tager-Flusberg, 1994); (2) awareness that knowledge about others’ internal states is interpretative in…”
Levels of theory-of-mind reasoning in competitive games (2012, unknown): “Perner and Wimmer (1985) developed a hierarchical system of classifying TOM in developmental studies, which was refined in interpreting studies of adult decision making (Hedden & Zhang, 2002).”
Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes. (2002, background): “The groups also did not differ signi®cantly with respect to the following standard false belief tests: Sally-Ann test (BaronCohen et al., 1985), Smarties test (Perner et al., 1989), IceCream story (Perner and Wimmer, 1985), and Birthday Puppy story (Sullivan et al., 1994).”
Disentangling Robust Developmental Constraints From the Instructionally Mutable: Young Children's Epistemic Reasoning About a Study of Their Own Design (2011, background): “These researchers link the new competence to the emergence of second-order beliefs (Miller, 2009; Perner & Wimmer, 1985; Sullivan, Zaitchik, & Tager-Flusberg, 1994).”
Mind-mindedness in children: Individual differences in internal-state talk in middle childhood (2006, methodology): “In this study, children’s use of internal-state terms while narrating a wordless book was unrelated to a composite measure of ToM obtained from summing scores on a second-order false-belief task ( Perner & Wimmer, 1985 ) and a belief-desire reasoning task (Harris, Johnson, Hutton, Andrews, & Cooke, ”