Sex differences in the relation between math performance, spatial skills, and attitudes

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Mathematics anxiety in young children: Concurrent and longitudinal associations with mathematical performance (2013, background): “…affect and worry have been examined in individuals from 6th through 12th grade both in the United States (e.g., Bai, Wang, Pan, & Frey, 2009; Ganley & Vasilyeva, 2011; Hoffman, 2010; Mulhern & Rae, 1998; Wigfield & Meece, 1988), as well as in international samples including China and Taiwan…”
Math and Science Attitudes and Achievement at the Intersection of Gender and Ethnicity (2013, result): “…about math, lower internal and external motivation in math, and poorer math self-concept (e.g., Else-Quest et al., 2010; Fredricks & Eccles, 2002; Ganley & Vasilyeva, 2011; Jacobs, Lanza, Osgood, Eccles, & Wigfield, 2002; McGraw et al., 2006; Miller & Bichsel, 2004; Pomerantz, Altermatt, &…”
Why Are Some STEM Fields More Gender Balanced Than Others? (2017, unknown): “Girls and women tend to score lower on tests of mental rotation (one component of spatial reasoning) than boys and men (Ganley & Vasilyeva, 2011; Maeda & Yoon, 2013).”