Is there complementarity or substitutability between internal and external R&D strategies?

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Internal capabilities, network resources and appropriation mechanisms as determinants of R&D outsourcing (2015, background): “Rather R&D outsourcing has been extensively discussed in terms of its contribution or hindrance to innovative performance (e.g. Caloghirou et al., 2004; Huang et al., 2009; Weigelt, 2009; Grimpe and Kaiser, 2010; Hagedoorn and Wang, 2012; Berchicci, 2013).”
How open is innovation? A retrospective and ideas forward (2021, background): “Platforms are undoubtedly one of the key organizational developments that is transforming how organizations create and capture value (Gawer, 2014; Gawer and Cusumano, 2002; Cusumano et al., 2019; Hagiu and Wright, 2015; Parker, Van Alstyne, and Choudary, 2016).”
Neither invented nor shared here: The impact and management of attitudes for the adoption of open innovation practices (2014, background): “It has been included because internal and external activities are considered complementary for the innovative activities of companies (Hagerdoorn and Wang, 2012), i.”