Taking Emergence Seriously: The Centrality of Circular Causality for Dynamic Systems Approaches to Development

By David C. Witherington. Human Development, 2011

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Educating the Developing Mind: Towards an Overarching Paradigm (2011, background): “Higher-level structures, when attained, affect the operation of lower-level structures (Whitherington 2011).”
A Model of Socioemotional Flexibility at Three Time Scales (2013, background): “These mutually causal processes are known as self-organization due to the fact that there is no proscriptive or external causation leading to the emergence of certain structures (Haken, 1983; Kelso, 1995; Witherington, 2011).”
Stepping off the pendulum: Why only an action-based approach can transcend the nativist–empiricist debate (2013, background): “While many studies concerning infant’s knowledge of number have been sensitive to the possibility that perceptual variables may be relevant, the calculation studies pioneered by Wynn (1992) were so much more abstract in their focus that the possibility of low-level perceptual aspects being responsib”
A New Paradigm for Developmental Science: Relationism and Relational-Developmental Systems (2013, background): “…Partridge, 2011) as well as relational bidirectional(<–>) causality (Lerner, 2006), relational causality (Gottlieb, 2003), and circular causality (Witherington, 2011) are relatively similar terms used to differentiate the positive and negative feedback loops of relationism from additive (even…”