Innate Immunity to Virus Infection

By O. Takeuchi, Shizuo Akira. Immunological Reviews, 2009

1,241 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Summary:  The innate immune system is essential for the initial detection of invading viruses and subsequent activation of adaptive immunity. Three classes of receptors, designated retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I)‐like receptors (RLRs), Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), and nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptors (NLRs), sense viral components, such as double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA), single‐stranded RNA, and DNA. RLRs and TLRs play essential roles in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines in cell type‐specific manners. While the RLRs play essential roles in the recognition of RNA viruses in various cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells utilize TLRs for detecting virus invasion. NLRs play a role in the production of mature interleukin‐1β to dsRNA stimulation. Activation of innate immune cells is critical for mounting adaptive immune responses. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of viral RNA recognition by these different types of receptors and its relation to acquired immune responses.

Subfields: Immunology, Molecular Biology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/88f4e3c671df9b8938bca16f1b45b4a11df2bd85

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Immunology

1. Shizuo Akira
2. S. Ghosh
3. A. West
4. O. Takeuchi
5. G. Shadel
6. Shou-Wei Ding
7. Michael S. Diamond
8. G. Hartmann

In Molecular Biology

1. Shizuo Akira
2. O. Takeuchi
3. Shou-Wei Ding
4. S. Ghosh
5. Dinshaw J. Patel
6. A. West
7. Thomas Tuschl
8. Aviv Regev

Citations in the corpus

• Structural and functional insights into pattern recognition by the innate immune receptor RIG-I (2010, background): “Its members include RIG-I, melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) and laboratory of genetics and physiology-2 (LGP2) receptor”
• RNA-based antiviral immunity (2010, background): “Mouse polyomavirus Mus musculus miRNA (1) ND ND 115”
• Mitochondria in innate immune responses (2011, background): “PRR ligation triggers multiple signalling pathways that culminate in the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), which control the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, type I interferons (IFNs) a”
• Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: Recent Progress and Open Questions (2011, background): “Given the recent extensive reviews on the subject (3, 65), we briefly discuss only several factors contributing to the unique pDC functionality.”
• The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status (2020, background): “Hence, virus-cell interactions produce a diverse set of immune mediators against the invading virus [67].”
• A physical and regulatory map of host-influenza interactions reveals pathways in H1N1 infection. (2009, background): “Upon infection by influenza, host cells detect viral RNA through pathogen sensors, such as RIG-I, and induce type I interferons (IFNs) and an antiviral program that is common to many RNA C viruses (Figure 1A) (Takeuchi and Akira, 2009).”
• Ribose 2′-O-methylation provides a molecular signature for the distinction of self and non-self mRNA dependent on the RNA sensor Mda5 (2011, positive): “The activated IFNAR triggers a signaling pathway consisting of the kinase Jak and STAT transcription factors, inducing the expression of a large array of interferon-stimulated genes encoding molecules with antiviral activity, thus establishing the so-called 'host cell antiviral state”
• Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. (2010, background): “Therefore, the RNA-binding activity of MDA5 is much weaker than that of RIG-I and LGP2.”
• Profiling serum cytokines in COVID-19 patients reveals IL-6 and IL-10 are disease severity predictors (2020, background): “In both responses, there are several activated cells of the immune system, which play a key role in establishing the environment of cytokines [5,6].”
• RIG-I dependent sensing of poly(dA-dT) via the induction of an RNA polymerase III transcribed RNA intermediate (2009, neutral): “Viruses, for example, are sensed almost exclusively via their nucleic acid genomes or as a result of their replicative or transcriptional activit”