Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

By Keith Rayner. 1998

Subfields: Cognitive Science & Psychology, Linguistics

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Long Short-Term Memory-Networks for Machine Reading (2016, background): “It would also be desirable to simulate the behavior of English speakers who process text sequentially, from left to right, fixating nearly every word while they read (Rayner, 1998) and creating partial representations for sentence prefixes (Konieczny, 2000; Tanenhaus et al.”
A validation of eye movements as a measure of elementary school children's developing number sense (2008, background): “All these influences increase measurement error, thus, making it harder to find effects on the trial level than on the level of aggregated data (Rayner, 1998; Verschaffel et al., 1994).”
AN EYE FOR WORDS (2013, background): “Other potential confounds include word familiarity, age of acquisition, part of speech, concreteness (i.e., imageability), and frequency in spoken language (see Liversedge & Findlay, 2000 ; Rayner, 1998 , 2009 ; Starr & Rayner, 2001 , for reviews).”
Accounting for regressive eye-movements in models of sentence processing: A reappraisal of the Selective Reanalysis hypothesis (2008, background): “There is abundant evidence that eye-movements are influenced by a multiplicity of factors ranging from the spatial details of the print, through the characteristics of individual words on view, overall coherence of the text to the task demands being followed by the reader (from skimming to proofread”
Elapsed time on first buying triggers brand choices within a category: A virtual reality-based study (2016, background): “Human behavior studies define fixation as the point in time and space when the eyes are relatively stationary and virtually all visual input occurs (Rayner, 1998).”
Visual Fixation Durations and Saccade Amplitudes: Shifting Relationship in a Variety of Conditions (2008, background): “The durations of fixations can vary from less than 100 milliseconds to several seconds resulting in a positive skewed distribution with a pronounced peak between 200 and 250 milliseconds (Rayner, 1998).”
Eye Fixations on Advertisements and Memory for Brands: A Model and Findings (2000, background): “First, following up on studies by Rayner (1998) and Suppes (1994), we propose a formal model describing how attention processes promote memory for the advertised brands.”
State-of-the-Art in Visual Attention Modeling (2013, background): “For instance, in scene perception and visual search, when the stimulus is more cluttered, fixations become longer and saccades become shorter [19].”
Expert and Novice Approaches to Reading Mathematical Proofs (2012, methodology): “The theoretical justification for this method is the eye-mind hypothesis (Just & Carpenter, 1980; Rayner, 1998, 2009), which states that there is a close relationship between gaze direction and attention location.”
VISUAL SALIENCY DOES NOT ACCOUNT FOR EYE MOVEMENTS DURING VISUAL SEARCH IN REAL-WORLD SCENES (2007, background): “This fact has led to enormous insights into perceptual and linguistic processing in reading (Liversedge & Findlay, 2000; Rayner, 1998; Sereno & Rayner, 2003), but eye movements are only now becoming”
In Google We Trust: Users' Decisions on Rank, Position, and Relevance (2007, methodology): “Fixations represent the instances in which most information acquisition and processing occurs (Rayner, 1998).”
Visual attention for solving multiple-choice science problem: An eye-tracking analysis (2012, unknown): “…fields including reading (Paulson & Jenry, 2002; Rayner, Chace, Slattery, & Ashby, 2006) and information processing (for a detailed review, see Rayner, 1998; Radach & Kennedy, 2004), arithmetic problem solving (Hegarty, Mayer, & Green, 1992; Verschaffel, De Corte, & Pauwels, 1992),…”
Breaking through Fast-Forwarding: Brand Information and Visual Attention (2008, background): “The eye-tracker system enables us to explore momentby-moment differences in the visual attention (Rayner 1998), which are of critical importance when exploring television advertising (Elpers, Wedel, and Pieters 2003).”
Contextual guidance of eye movements and attention in real-world scenes: the role of global features in object search. (2006, background): “There has been extensive research on the relationship between eye movements and attention and it has been well established that shifts of attention can occur independent of eye movements (for reviews see Henderson, 2005; Liversedge & Findlay, 2000; Rayner, 1998).”
Eye Movements as Reflections of Comprehension Processes in Reading (2006, background): “This stands in stark contrast to the study of moment-to-moment syntactic parsing, where eye movement data have become more or less the gold standard for measuring the time course of effects (Rayner, 1998).”
Best practices in eye tracking research. (2020, background): “Eye movements (where people look, and for how long) are known to be influenced by a variety of factors (for reviews, see Henderson, 2003, 2011; Rayner, 1998, 2009).”