Separate mnemonic effects of retrieval practice and elaborative encoding

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Retrieval-Based Learning: A Perspective for Enhancing Meaningful Learning (2012, unknown): “Repeatedly retrieving words during initial learning, which amounted to only two or three extra retrievals in this experiment, produced about a 150 % improvement in longterm retention (see also Karpicke and Bauernschmidt 2011; Karpicke and Smith 2012).”
Learning with retrieval-based concept mapping. (2014, background): “For example, Karpicke and Smith (2012) found that retrieval practice produced superior long-term retention relative to imagery-based and verbal elaborative study methods (see too Karpicke & Blunt, 2011).”
How Does Metacognition Contribute to the Regulation of Learning? An Integrative Approach (2014, background): “The benefits of retrieval practice were further shown by Karpicke and Smith (2012), who compared retrieval practice with restudying that was accompanied by elaborative study conditions.”