How expertise develops in medicine: knowledge encapsulation and illness script formation

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MedAgents: Large Language Models as Collaborators for Zero-shot Medical Reasoning (2023, background): “(ii) The demand for extensive domain knowledge (Schmidt and Rikers, 2007) and advanced reasoning skills (Liévin et al., 2022) makes eliciting medical expertise via simple prompting challenging (Kung et al., 2023; Singhal et al., 2023a).”
Developing evaluative judgement: enabling students to make decisions about the quality of work (2018, methodology): “We propose that the development of evaluative judgements can be fruitfully considered using the staged theory of expertise of decision-making (Schmidt and Rikers 2007).”
Simulation-Based Learning in Higher Education: A Meta-Analysis (2020, background): “Other considerations suggest including simulations at a very early point because this supports the process of restructuring knowledge into higher order concepts that can be used directly to solve problems (e.g., Boshuizen & Schmidt, 2008; Schmidt & Boshuizen, 1993; Schmidt & Rikers, 2007).”
Virtual patients: a critical literature review and proposed next steps (2009, background): “Compelling evidence suggests that the clinical reasoning of experts emphasises pattern recognition 41 or ‘instantiated’ illness scripts 43,44 over logic or conscious deliberation.”