Apology versus defense: Antecedents and consequences

By H. Hodgins, Elizabeth Liebeskind. 2003

141 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Social Psychology, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/70adfe7cc585d8917cb1d18edef595e55bfd49e4

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Social Psychology

1. Everett L. Worthington Jr.
2. Julie J. Exline
3. Robert B. Lount
4. B. Polin
5. T. Ludwig
6. C. Struthers
7. E. Gottlieb
8. Erin Reid

In Sociology and Political Science

1. Everett L. Worthington Jr.
2. Robert B. Lount
3. B. Polin
4. C. Struthers
5. Yanfen You
6. Lili Wang
7. Erin Reid
8. Nick Turner

Citations in the corpus

• Retributive justice, restorative justice, and forgiveness: An experimental psychophysiology analysis (2008, background): “Of note, however, apologies (Brown, 2005) as well as responsibility-taking accounts (Hodgins & Liebeskind, 2003) tend to be more effective when offered within more intimate rather than distal relationships such as the crime perpetrator-victim context studied here.”
• Autonomy and Nondefensiveness (2006, background): “Highly control-oriented individuals behaved very differently, using more excuses, justifications, and denials, including outright lies; hence, during interpersonal conflict, control-oriented individuals are defensive and dishonest (Hodgins, Liebeskind, & Schwartz, 1996; Hodgins & Liebeskind, 2003 )”
• When and Why Saying “Thank You” Is Better Than Saying “Sorry” in Redressing Service Failures: The Role of Self-Esteem (2020, background): “Other research also indicates that apology reduces the recipient’s anger, aggression (Darby and Schlenker 1982; Ohbuchi, Kameda, and Agarie 1989), and reproach (Hodgins and Liebeskind 2003).”
• Apologies and Transformational Leadership (2006, background): “Individual and situational correlates of apologies have included transgressor and victim gender (e.g., Gonzales et al., 1990; Hodgins and Liebeskind, 2003), context of apology (Folkes and Whang, 2003; Sigal et al., 1988), apology timing (Skarlicki et al., 2004), perpetrator autonomy (Folkes and…”
• An examination of emotional empathy, attributions of stability, and the link between perceived remorse and forgiveness (2011, background): “Evidence supports a causal link between giving an apology and eliciting forgiveness across relationships (see Hodgins & Liebeskind, 2003; McCullough et al., 1997; Zechmeister, Garcia, Romero, & Vas, 2004); however, there are two different theoretical mechanisms suggested for this effect.”
• Autonomy and control motivation and self-esteem (2007, unknown): “Although sex differences in defensive SE have not been previously reported, the finding is consistent with men's greater defense using a different paradigm (Hodgins & Liebeskind, 2003 ; Hodgins et al, 1996b ), an effect the authors suggested is due to men's lower threshold for threat.”
• The effects of attributions of intent and apology on forgiveness: When saying sorry may not help the story ☆ (2008, background): “In turn, the victims are more forgiving of (i.e., less likely to retaliate against and avoid) transgressors because they have a better impression of them (Hodgins & Liebeskind, 2003; Ohbuchi et al., 1989; Schmitt et al., 2004).”
• An Exploration of the Structure of Effective Apologies (2016, background): “Research suggests that, indeed, victims perceive more positive evaluations of the violators when the violators show greater responsibility-taking (Hodgins & Liebeskind, 2003).”