Principles of Behavior

By R. Malott, K. Kohler

Subfields: Cognitive Science & Psychology

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Citations in the corpus

High-Dimensional Continuous Control Using Generalized Advantage Estimation (2015, background): “…is the long time delay between actions and their positive or negative effect on rewards; this issue is called the credit assignment problem in the reinforcement learning literature (Minsky, 1961; Sutton & Barto, 1998), and the distal reward problem in the behavioral literature (Hull, 1943).”
Born to Learn: the Inspiration, Progress, and Future of Evolved Plastic Artificial Neural Networks (2017, background): “Scientiﬁc evidence of animal learning from experience was documented initially in the works of behaviorism with scientists such as Thorndike (1911), Pavlov (1927), Skinner (1938, 1953), and Hull (1943).”
The Replacement of General-Purpose Learning Models with Adaptively Specialized Learning Modules (2000, unknown): “In theories of instrumental learning (Hull, 1943), the error correcting feedback comes from the rewards and punishments generated by effective acts.”
RETHINKING THE EMOTIONAL BRAIN (2012, unknown): “Emotion was viewed as a reaction (e.g., a fearful, angry, disgusted, joyful, or sad emotional reaction) to some environmental situation, and motivation as a drive from within (e.g., hunger, thirst, or sexual drive) (e.g., Hull, 1943; Stellar, 1954).”
Applying Social Cognitive Constructs of Motivation To Enhance Student Success in Online Distance Education. (2003, unknown): “Social cognitive learning theory views motivation as a function of individuals' thoughts rather than some instinct, need, drive, or incentive as examined by Freud (1915), Hull (1943), and Maslow (1954).”
Testing the effects of congruity, travel constraints, and self-efficacy on travel intentions: An alternative decision-making model (2012, background): “Motivation scholars have used different approaches to explain human motivations such as drive reduction theory (Hull, 1943, 1952), hierarchy of needs (Maslow, 1943, 1954), expectancy-value theories (Lewin, 1938), and goal directed behavior (Bettman, 1979).”
Value from hedonic experience and engagement. (2006, background): “In classic theories of learning (Hull, 1943; Miller & Dollard, 1941), for example, a distinction was made between the drive stimulus that guides the direction of movement and the perceiver's drive that energizes the movement.”
Multiple Forms of Value Learning and the Function of Dopamine (2009, background): “These ideas are rooted in classic theories of stimulus-response (S-R) reinforcement learning (Hull, 1943).”
Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward (2001, unknown): “In animals, reward is defined as an operational concept: a stimulus is deemed rewarding if it positively reinforces a behavior (Hull, 1943; Rescorla and Wagner, 1972; Robbins and Everitt, 1996), that is, reliably increases the likelihood of the behavior.”
A Spiking Neural Model for Stable Reinforcement of Synapses Based on Multiple Distal Rewards (2013, methodology): “A model that linked STDP and dopamine signaling, known as reward-modulated STDP (R-STDP), was developed by both Izhikevich (2007) and Florian (2007).”
The Future of Work Motivation Theory (2004, unknown): “Thorndike (1911) referred to this as the law of effect, while Hull (1943) suggested that effort or motivation was largely determined by drive ϫ habit.”
Performance, incentives, and needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness: a meta-analysis (2016, background): “It is not based on the extent to which individuals vary in the strength of certain needs, such as need for achievement (Atkinson 1957), nor is it based in the notion of ‘‘drive reduction,’’ perhaps to satiate a desire for hunger or success (e.g., Hull 1943).”
The Development of an Attribution-Based Theory of Motivation: A History of Ideas (2010, background): “The most influential of these approaches is associated with Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence (Hull, 1943; Spence, 1956), the prime creators of drive theory.”
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior (2004, unknown): “Such habitual behaviors were the focus of many psychological theories in which the frequency and recency of previous executions of a given behavior were seen as primary determinants (e.g., Hull, 1943).”
Fifty years of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: An update and review (2009, background): “Barratt theorized that since anxiety, as measured by the MAS, had been related to ‘‘habit strength” within the Hull–Spence learning theory (Hull, 1943; Spence, 1956) then impulsiveness might be related to the construct of ‘‘oscillation”, defined as momentary fluctuations in an organism’s propensity ”
Temporal self-regulation theory: A model for individual health behavior (2007, background): “In humans, as well as in lower animals, the degree of prepotency associated with a given behavior can be dictated directly by: (1) internal biological drives like hunger, thirst and reproduction (Hull, 1943); (2) salient environmental cues (e.”