Visual and Spatial Modes in Science Learning

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What Teachers of Science Need to Know about Models: An overview (2011, background): “(p. 117) Thus, the scope of models goes beyond that of verbal expressions or simple images in the sense that a model can integrate visual–spatial representations with verbal and other semiotic modes (Ramadas, 2009).”
Can generating representations enhance learning with dynamic visualizations (2011, background): “Ramadas (2009) reviewed previous research and found that creating and reasoning with diagrams or drawings often involves language-based reasoning.”
Epilogue: Plotting a Research Agenda for Multiple Representations, Multiple Modality, and Multimodal Representational Competency (2010, background): “Ramadas (2009) concluded from a selective review of related literature in cognitive science, developmental psychology, science literacy, and science studies, that language-based reasoning is inseparable from and complementary to visual forms of reasoning.”