Issues in the meta‐analysis of cluster randomized trials

By Allan Donner, Neil Klar. Statistics in Medicine, 2002

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Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics (2014, background): “The element of nonindependence in quasirandom designs can cause variance calculations to underestimate the actual variance, leading to overestimates for significance levels and for the weight that each study is assigned (41).”
Effect Sizes in Cluster-Randomized Designs (2007, background): “Donner and Klar (2002) suggested that corrections for the effects of clustering should be introduced in meta-analyses of cluster-randomized experiments.”
Multivariate meta‐analysis: the effect of ignoring within‐study correlation (2009, methodology): “Metaanalysis of cluster randomized trials (Donner and Klar, 2002), of crossover trials (Elbourne et al.”