Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study

By Michele J. Gelfand, Jana L. Raver, L. Nishii, Lisa M. Leslie, Janetta Lun, Beng-Chong Lim, Lili Duan, Assaf Almaliach, Soon Ang, Jakobina Arnadottir and 35 more. Science, 2011

2,830 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Cognitive Neuroscience, Social Psychology, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5dd81f3ceb81b94e8826d587483e95119edee7bc

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Citations in the corpus

On the panculturality of self-enhancement and self-protection motivation: the case for the universality of self-esteem (2015, neutral): “Gelfand et al. (2011) drew a distinction between”
Refining Lewin's formula: A general model for explaining situational influence on individual social behavior (2013, background): “Fischer, 2008); and one must be willing to respect the results carefully unearthed from data thoughtfully elicited from our participants, interpreting the outcomes with an open mind, for culture may operate to influence responses in unexpected and informative ways – surprises abound (see e.g. Bond, ”
Religiosity and consumer behavior: a summarizing review (2019, background): “(Aaker and Lee 2001; Ellison, Burr, and McCall 1997; Gelfand et al. 2011; Lee, Aaker, and Gardner 2000; Mandel 2003; Markus and Kitayama 1991; Mitchell 1999; Mooij and De Hofstede 2010; Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier 2002; Triandis 2004; Vandello and Cohen 1999) Religious group identity: “that part”
The Impact of Culture on Creativity (2015, background): “High population density, resource scarcity, and a history of territorial conflict and environmental threats tend to contribute to an increase in a country’s cultural tightness (Gelfand et al., 2011).”
Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on career development: Insights from cultural psychology (2020, neutral): “In addition to the above value dimensions, the notion of cultural tightness-looseness, which refers to the strength of cultural norms (Gelfand et al., 2011), offers another unique angel to understand culture as normative forces.”
Entrepreneurial mindset: Dispositional beliefs, opportunity beliefs, and entrepreneurial behavior (2021, background): “One promising avenue for future research that can address this often overlooked reality is cultural tightness/ looseness (Gelfand et al., 2011), which focuses on the permeating role of social norms, and the sanctions associated with deviating from those norms, in understanding behavior in a given so”
Cultural Tightness–Looseness and Perceptions of Effective Leadership (2016, methodology): “…we begin to fill this void and complement existing research by examining the influence of the strength of social norms, or cultural tightness– looseness (Gelfand et al., 2006; Gelfand et al., 2011; Harrington & Gelfand, 2014; Pelto, 1968; Triandis, 1989), on perceptions of effective leadership.”
The Index of Cultural Tightness and Looseness Among 68 Countries (2015, methodology): “Because societies exposed to threats need to develop strong social norms and sanctioning of deviant behavior for survival of its members (Gelfand, 2012; Gelfand et al., 2011), this requirement should also be supported by institutional means of control and repression.”
The behavioral immune system: Current concerns and future directions (2018, background): “Further, the field is currently lacking theoretical models that account for the sometimes contradictory effects documented in the literature (Faulkner et al., 2004; Gelfand et al., 2011; Murray & Schaller, 2012; Tybur et al., 2016).”
How social norms are often a barrier to addressing climate change but can be part of the solution (2020, background): “This is in part because these countries have relatively ‘loose cultures’ where social influence is, if anything, a less powerful determinant of individuals’ beliefs and behaviors (Gelfand et al., 2011).”
Motivational mechanisms of employee creativity: A meta-analytic examination and theoretical extension of the creativity literature (2016, methodology): “in a given culture, managers can reference a country’s individualism score at Hofstede’s cultural profile website and a country’s cultural tightness score (Gelfand et al., 2011).”
Drivers behind the monitoring effectiveness of global institutional investors: Evidence from earnings management (2016, methodology): “Gelfand et al. (2011) Countries are ranked into three groups based on their cultural tightness scores.”