The impact of online learning on students’ course outcomes: Evidence from a large community and technical college system

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Teaching and Learning in the Time of COVID: The Student Perspective (2021, background): “Moreover, there is some evidence that students earn lower grades in courses taken online than in those with face-to-face meetings, and the difference is larger for students with lower levels of academic preparation (Bettinger & Loeb, 2017; Xu & Jaggars, 2011, 2013).”
How do online course design features influence student performance? (2016, background): “…are more common among students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds or have lower levels of preparation (Figlio, Rush, & Yin, 2013; Kaupp, 2012; Xu & Jaggars, 2014), resulting in overall negative effects within the community college population (Johnson & Mejia, 2014; Xu & Jaggars, 2011, 2013).”
Online Course-taking and Student Outcomes in California Community Colleges (2016, background): “…consistently find that students in FtF courses outperform their peers in online courses, both in terms of course persistence and grades (Xu and Jaggars 2011, 2013; Johnson and Cuellar Mejia 2014; Streich 2014), for most subgroups of students and in most subject areas (Xu and Jaggars 2014;…”