Swimming Upstream, Floating Downstream: Comparing Women's Relative Wage Progress in the United States and Denmark

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Gender wage gap studies: consistency and decomposition (2008, background): “The estimator is consistent if: E[∆uit|∆Xit, d∗it > 0, d∗is > 0] = 0,(4) 4In several parts of the literature, researchers have carefully discussed the implications of endogeneity, often due to non-random selection into work, but do not then explicitly deal with it; see e.g., Blau and Kahn (1997); Da”
Preferences or institutions? Work—family life opportunities in seven European countries (2007, background): “The sector of employment has often been found to be relevant, the public sector being more ‘womenfriendly’ in terms of flexibility than the more achievement-oriented private sector (Datta Gupta et al., 2006).”
Why are So Few Females Promoted into CEO and Vice President Positions? Danish Empirical Evidence, 1997–2007 (2013, methodology): “was a parental leave period of 10 weeks which either of the parents could take up, see Gupta et al. (2008). Furthermore, there was a childcare leave scheme available for most parents.”
Winners and losers: The consequences of welfare state policies for gender wage inequality (2012, background): “The extremely large gap in this group in Denmark stands in stark contrast to the comparatively modest gap (4 percentiles) in the lower socioeconomic group (see also Gupta, Oaxaca, and Smith, 2006).”