Immunoregulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: basic concepts.

By E. van Etten, C. Mathieu. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2005

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Modulatory Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Human B Cell Differentiation (2007, background): “he biologically active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3),3 which was originally described as an essential hormone for bone and mineral homeostasis, has also been shown to have immunomodulatory effects ( 1 ).”
Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. (2008, background): “The discovery that the VDR is widely expressed in the immune system led to the recognition of a central immunomodulatory role for 1,25-(OH)2D (394, 395).”
Immune System Dysregulation During Spaceflight: Potential Countermeasures for Deep Space Exploration Missions (2018, background): “Its effect on immunity seems to be mediated by the (nuclear) vitamin D receptor (VDR) expressed by antigen-presenting cells and also activated T cells (63).”
The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2007, positive): “Potential mechanisms and evidence to support a benefit for vitamin D and calcium in type 2 DM Mechanisms Evidence Improvement in pancreatic -cell function Direct effect of vitamin D on insulin secretion Presence of specific vitamin D receptors in pancreatic -cells (94) Expression of 1- -hydroxylase ”