Highly Attractive Models in Advertising and the Women Who Loathe Them: The Implications of Negative Affect for Spokesperson Effectiveness

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Beauty as a Tool: The Effect of Model Attractiveness, Product Relevance, and Elaboration Likelihood on Advertising Effectiveness (2010, methodology): “However, an inspection of research addressing this issue reveals that the advertising effectiveness of physically attractive models is considerably more complicated and less straightforward than one might assume (for a review, see Petty & Cacioppo, 1986; Bower, 2001; Bower & Landreth, 2001; Petty & ”
Advertising Professionals’ Perceptions of the Impact of Gender Portrayals on Men and Women: A Question of Ethics? (2015, background): “Many of the studies in these categories focus on the impact on women of social comparison to models (e.g., Richins 1991) and outcomes such as negative spokesperson evaluation (Bower 2001).”
Nonprofit Advertising: Impact of Celebrity Connection, Involvement and Gender on Source Credibility and Intention to Volunteer Time or Donate Money (2009, background): “Inclusion of the attractiveness factor in the source credibility construct has received much attention in recent years (Bower, 2001; Kamins, 1990; Kamins and Gupta, 1994; Till and Busler, 2000).”