Housework: Who Did, Does or Will Do It, and How Much Does It Matter?

By S. Bianchi, Liana C. Sayer, Melissa A. Milkie, John P. Robinson. Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation, 2012

877 citations recorded by the source corpus.

“Is Anyone Doing the Housework?” (Bianchi et al. 2000) was motivated, like much of the research on housework, by a desire to better understand gender inequality and social change in the work and family arena in the United States. During the 1990s, Arlie Hochschild’s (1989) influential book, The Second Shift, provided the dominant assessment of the gender division of labor in the home (Konigsberg 2011): men were unwilling to share the burden of work in the home and thus employed women came home to a “second shift” of housework and childcare, increasing gender inequality. Her rich qualitative study was based on a small sample of unknown generalizability, however (Milkie, Raley, & Bianchi 2009). The collection and release of the large and nationally representative 1987–88 National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) unleashed a flurry of housework articles in the quantitative sociological literature. The NSFH had the advantage of reports of housework from both members of a couple and husbands’ and wives’ assessments of fairness in the household division of labor, but these data could not provide the trend analysis critical to the understanding of social change that time diary data collections allowed. “Is Anyone Doing the Housework?” used the NSFH but also presented analysis of the only nationally representative data available – time diaries – with which to assess trends in housework and broaden the discussion of how women and men might be reallocating time in the home during a period of rapid change in women’s work outside the home. The citation count in Google Scholar stands at 910 citations (as of April 20, 2012), with those citations continuing to the present.1 In the article, we showed that the gender division of labor in housework became more equal over this period, in part because men increased their time in housework but more importantly because women dramatically decreased the time they spent in these activities. Men increased their propensity to do housework and the increase was not a result of change in population composition, whereas for women it was a mix of decreased likelihood of doing housework but also an increase in the proportion of women least likely to spend time in housework (e.g., employed women). We compared time diary data to the NSFH, demonstrating that the NSFH survey questions resulted in estimates that were about 50 percent higher than time diary estimates but that both data sources yielded similar conclusions about the gender gap in housework. Finally, using the NSFH data, we provided a multivariate description of the correlates of wives’ housework time, husbands’ housework time and the gender gap in housework time of married couples. The findings remain relevant today, save the need for the update of trends provided here. Using time diary data for 1965, 1975, 1985 and 1995, our observation window on housework was one in which the pressure on women to “shed load” to accommodate increased market work was high and in which the pressure on men to “pick up some of the slack” was perhaps also high. Our data analysis spanned the 1970–90 period of greatest labor force increases for U.S. women, particularly married women with young children. Subsequent trend analyses of women’s labor force participation, housework and childcare in the 1990s showed much less increase and a leveling off in rates by the end of the 20th century (Sayer 2005; Sayer, Bianchi, & Robinson 2004), causing some to argue that the gender revolution was over (Cotter, Hermsen, & Vanneman 2011).

Subfields: Gender Studies, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2e0fb66dac99ad159f13d139173af0579ef68ea5

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Citations in the corpus

The pandemic and the academic mothers: present hardships and future perspectives (2020, background): “household and childcare responsibilities than men (Bianchi et al., 2012),”
Own Gender, Sibling’s Gender, Parent’s Gender (2017, background): “Prominent in the literature on housework, and more recently adapted to childcare (Bianchi et al. 2012; Raley et al. 2012; Sayer 2005), the relative resources theory argues that economic resources translate into power in negotiations out of doing family labor.”
Gender, Flexibility Stigma and the Perceived Negative Consequences of Flexible Working in the UK (2018, background): “Women are more likely to be the ones currently working flexibly for family purposes or would do so in the future (Clawson and Gerstel 2014; Singley and Hynes 2005; Kim 2018; Kurowska 2018), due to their position as the main provider of care (both child and elderly) and domestic work (Bianchi et al. ”
Gender Differences in Telecommuting and Implications for Inequality at Home and Work (2020, background): “Prior research finds gender inequalities in both broadly and narrowly defined housework, but larger inequalities in the latter case (Bianchi et al., 2012), so our estimates are likely conservative.”
The Ties That Double Bind: Social Roles and Women's Underrepresentation in Politics (2018, neutral): “Given a persistent uneven gender distribution of household labor (Bianchi et al. 2012; Iversen and Rosenbluth 2006), this means that to be electorally successful, voters and public officials implicitly require female politicians to work longer hours when including family obligations on top of…”
Overwork and the Slow Convergence in the Gender Gap in Wages (2014, background): “Although men now spend more time on housework and childcare than in the past (Bianchi et al. 2012; Raley, Bianchi, and Wang 2012), essentialist beliefs about female caregiving continue to be a dominant cultural ideology even among people who endorse gender egalitarianism (Cotter at al.”
Reserving Time for Daddy: The Consequences of Fathers’ Quotas (2019, neutral): “Mothers also performmore unpaid work in the home than do fathers (Hochschild andMachung 1989; Blair and Lichter 1991; Bianchi 2011, 2012).”
Long Work Hours, Part-Time Work, and Trends in the Gender Gap in Pay, the Motherhood Wage Penalty, and the Fatherhood Wage Premium (2016, background): “The housework time gaps between mothers and fathers are larger than the gaps among all adults (Bianchi et al. 2012), and though a growing percentage of Americans state a preference for egalitarian divisions of household labor (Gerson 2009; Pedulla and Thébaud 2015), parental gaps in housework have…”
Money, Work, and Marital Stability (2016, background): “…half of the twentieth century in women’s employment, education, household labor time, marriage timing, divorce rates, and gender role attitudes (Bianchi et al. 2012; Fitch and Ruggles 2000; Goldin 2006; Stevenson and Wolfers 2007; Thornton and Young-DeMarco 2001), the circumstances that hold…”