Learning in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide, 3rd Edition.

By S. Merriam, R. Caffarella, Lisa M. Baumgartner. 2006

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Self-directed learning: A fundamental competence in a rapidly changing world (2019, background): “Constructivists view learning as an individual, interpretive and active process of meaning-making (Merriam et al. 2007) – a learning process that is personal and individual (see Figure 1).”
Nontraditional Student Engagement: Increasing Adult Student Success and Retention (2011, background): “Educators who support personal and social transformations as a goal of adult learners will need to seek innovative ways to facilitate adult learning ( Merriam & Caffarella, 1999 ).”
Adult learners’ emotions in online learning (2008, background): “As a motivating factor, emotion creates a sense of purpose that guides adults’ learning and shapes the context of their learning experiences (Dirkx, 2006 ; Merriam & Caffarella, 2007 ; Reeve, 2001 ).”