Principles of learning and memory

By B. R. Bugelski. 1956

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Citations in the corpus

Structural Synaptic Plasticity Has High Memory Capacity and Can Explain Graded Amnesia, Catastrophic Forgetting, and the Spacing Effect (2014, methodology): “Last, our model is able to bridge different models, describing the spacing effect [43] on psychological [41,42,106] and molecular levels [141] by identifying structural synaptic plasticity as the potential cellular mechanism for spacing effects.”
Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching. (2001, background): “Consequently, under this procedure, task switching is potentially susceptible to proactive interference reminiscent of what occurs during verbal learning and memory (Allport et al., 1994; cf. Crowder, 1976).”
Memory is More than just Remembering: Strategic Control of Encoding, Accessing Memory, and Making Decisions (2007, background): “Spacing apart multiple presentations of to‐be‐learned material is one of the most eVective ways of enhancing retention (Crowder, 1976).”
Spacing and Testing Effects: A Deeply Critical, Lengthy, and At Times Discursive Review of the Literature (2010, methodology): “The problem with recency confounds in spacing studies is an old one in the literature, highlighted by Crowder’s (1976) review. Specifically, because spaced items must occur in multiple locations on the list, their final presentation tends to be more recent than an equal number of massed items unless”
Associative Retrieval Processes in Episodic Memory (2008, background): “In the case of words, effective learning of the paired-associates depends strongly on the formation of linguistic mediators, the use of imagery, or other strategies that involve elaboration of the meaning of the constituent items (for reviews, see, Crowder, 1976; Murdock, 1974; Paivio, 1971).”
Reevaluating key evidence for the development of rehearsal: phonological similarity effects in children are subject to proportional scaling artifacts. (2013, background): “Some might argue that one should distinguish between the processes of recoding and rehearsal, and if so then it is possible that young children might recode visually presented information without subsequently rehearsing it (cf. Crowder, 1976, p. 86).”
Metacognitive control of the spacing of study repetitions (2006, background): “To test whether subjects employ this type of strategy in a learning task, a paradigm can be used that holds total study time constant by taking advantage of the well-known effects of spacing (e.g., Crowder, 1976).”
Spacing and lag effects in free recall of pure lists (2005, background): “Thus, it is possible that the higher level of recall observed for spaced items results from their having more rehearsal opportunities ( Crowder, 1976 ).”
The disruption and dissolution of directed forgetting : Inhibitory control of memory (2000, background): “…that the effects arise from inhibitory processes operating during close to encoding but, rather, from retrie dynamics.2 Several different versions of th account have been proposed (cf. Anderso Spellman, 1994; and see Crowder, 1976; Murdock, 1974; for reviews of earlier studie , awareness variable.”
Misinformation Effects and the Suggestibility of Eyewitness Memory. (2013, background): “In the early 1970s, research and theorizing about memory was based almost exclusively on studies of memory for lists of words or sentences (see, e.g., Crowder, 1976).”
Inhibitory control over the present and the past (2001, background): “Participants in the proactive interference condition reliably show worse memory for the second-list responses than do control participants (for reviews see Anderson & Neely, 1996; Crowder, 1976; Keppel, 1968; Postman & Underwood, 1973; Underwood, 1945).”
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article Spacing Effects in Learning A Temporal Ridgeline of Optimal Retention (unknown): “The value of the estimated optimal gap rose as RI increased, and the optimal gaps departed noticeably from the fixed proportion of the RI suggested by some earlier researchers on the basis of much shorter-term studies (Crowder, 1976; Murray, 1983).”
Ten benefits of testing and their applications to educational practice. (2011, background): “Thus, proactive interference refers to the poorer retention of material learned later, caused by prior learning (Underwood, 1957; see Crowder (1976) for a review).”
Repeated retrieval during learning is the key to long-term retention (2007, background): “Debate concerning the nature of multitrial learning swirled in the 1950s and 1960s, with some theorists arguing that learning occurred as an incremental process and others arguing that learning was an all-or-none process (see Crowder, 1976, Ch. 8).”
Determinants of Restaurant Customers' Loyalty Intentions: A Mediating Effect of Relationship Quality (2008, result): “Based on the results of a multivariate outlier test and on recency bias theory, which indicate greater ease of recall of recent events/experiences (Crowder, 1976), eight responses were eliminated, resulting in 340 responses for further analyses.”
The analogical mind. (1997, background): “Just to mention one particular example out of many: Crowder (1976) has demonstrated an interference effect between pair-associations learned on two different occasions.”
A temporal ratio model of memory. (2007, methodology): “…effects; (b) a generalization and extension of early temporal discriminability and ratio models of memory (e.g., Baddeley, 1976; Bjork & Whitten, 1974; Crowder, 1976; Glenberg & Swanson, 1986); (c) the addition of a temporal dimension to a simplified exemplar model (Nosofsky, 1986, 1992); (d) the…”
Memory interference during language processing. (2001, background): “Our approach to explaining these findings draws on a fundamental property of human memory—its susceptibility to interference during encoding, storage, and retrieval, arising from the similarity of the items being processed (Crowder, 1976).”
The nature of working memory capacity in sentence comprehension : Evidence against domain-specific working memory resources (2006, methodology): “Research on short-term memory provides some suggestive evidence in favor of the hypothesis whereby proactive interference effects take place at the retrieval stage (Gardiner, Craik, & Birtwistle, 1972; as cited in Crowder , 1976).”