Cognitive load theory, modality of presentation and the transient information effect.

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Getting the point: Tracing worked examples enhances learning (2015, background): “In this circumstance, working memory will be easily overloaded (Leahy & Sweller, 2011; Sweller et al., 2011).”
An Evolutionary Upgrade of Cognitive Load Theory: Using the Human Motor System and Collaboration to Support the Learning of Complex Cognitive Tasks (2012, background): “Under those circumstances, the modality effect may disappear or even reverse, with written text being superior to spoken text (Leahy and Sweller 2011).”
Effects of Observing the Instructor Draw Diagrams on Learning from Multimedia Messages. (2016, background): “According to cognitive load theory, this may be in part due to the transient nature of the information presented, which forces learners to maintain and integrate previously presented material with newly presented material, thereby risking extraneous cognitive overload (Leahy & Sweller, 2011).”