The virtual census: representations of gender, race and age in video games

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Race and racism in Internet Studies: A review and critique (2013, result): “( Kendall, 2000: 271–272) Williams et al. (2009) confirm this research in their analysis, arguing that white males are systematically over-represented in video games.”
Do Mass Mediated Stereotypes Harm Members of Negatively Stereotyped Groups? A Meta-Analytical Review on Media-Generated Stereotype Threat and Stereotype Lift (2017, background): “In video games, African American characters are less frequent than on TV, and the typical roles for males are those of criminals or athletes; female African American characters are largely absent in video games (Waddell et al., 2014; Williams et al., 2009).”
Virtual Virgins and Vamps: The Effects of Exposure to Female Characters’ Sexualized Appearance and Gaze in an Immersive Virtual Environment (2009, background): “Recent research has determined that video games mirror traditional media: women are drastically underrepresented (Williams et al. 2009), and when they do appear, it is often a highly gender-stereotypical depiction (Miller and Summers 2007).”
Do you identify as a gamer? Gender, race, sexuality, and gamer identity (2012, background): “Though disparities in age and class representations also exist (see Williams et al., 2009b), race, gender, and sexuality are emphasized when linking representational disparities and audience demographics.”