Performance Gaps between Online and Face-to-Face Courses: Differences across Types of Students and Academic Subject Areas

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Negative Impacts From the Shift to Online Learning During the COVID-19 Crisis: Evidence From a Statewide Community College System (2022, background): “The lack of in-person interaction in online courses can lead to a sense of isolation and disconnectedness from a learning community (Picciano, 2002) and can make it more difficult for students to engage with and learn from peers and instructors (Friesen & Kuskis, 2013; Xu & Jaggars, 2014).”
How do online course design features influence student performance? (2016, background): “…are more common among students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds or have lower levels of preparation (Figlio, Rush, & Yin, 2013; Kaupp, 2012; Xu & Jaggars, 2014), resulting in overall negative effects within the community college population (Johnson & Mejia, 2014; Xu & Jaggars, 2011, 2013).”
Students’ Psychological Perceptions Toward Online Learning Engagement and Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Analysis of Students in Three Different Countries (2021, background): “© 2021 The International Council on Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education et al., 2018; Xu & Jaggars, 2014).”