Teaching machines.

By B. Skinner. 1958

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Provision of Feedback During Preparation For Academic Testing: Learning Is Enhanced by Immediate But Not Delayed Feedback (2004, background): “Discussion As stated earlier, teaching-testing machines introduced by Pressey (1926) and Skinner (1958) transformed the role of the student from a passive receiver of information to an active demonstrator of skills and knowledge.”
A history of instructional design and technology: Part II: A history of instructional design (2001, background): “In this article and later ones (e.g., Skinner ,1958), Skinner described his ideas regarding the requirements for increasing human learning and the desired characteristics of effective instructional materials.”
Effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (2016, background): “…C. Atkinson, 1968; Suppes & Morningstar, 1969) showed the influence of the programmed instruction movement of the time: They presented instruction in short segments or frames, asked questions frequently during instruction, and provided immediate feedback on answers (Crowder, 1959; Skinner, 1958).”
The Role of Feedback During Academic Testing: The Delay Retention Effect Revisited (2003, background): “The IF AT embodies the theoretical and practical foundations of the teachingtesting machines described by Pressey (1926) and Skinner (1958), and transform the passive gatherer of information into the active demonstrator of skills and knowledge.”
Learning design to support student-AI collaboration: perspectives of leading teachers for AI in education (2022, background): “The current study’s findings shift the use of AI in students’ learning from simply solving a problem for students or providing them the right answer (Skinner, 1958; Afzal et al., 2019) to engaging them in problem-solving, providing a variety of problem-solving experiences to propel them into new…”