Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?-Open Peer Commentary-Gone with the wind: Individual differences in heuristics and biases undermine the implication of

By K. Stanovich, R. F. West, D. Funder. 2000

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Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models (2022, background): “Self-consistency leverages the intuition that complex reasoning tasks typically admit multiple reasoning paths that reach a correct answer (Stanovich & West, 2000).”
The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: Converging neuroimaging evidence (2007, background): “Although reasoning research has benefited from descriptions of individual differences (e.g., see Jackson & Griggs 1988; Stanovich & West 2000), such descriptions do not amount to a central strategy in investigations of reasoning (at least as far as WAIS-based tests are concerned).”
Individual differences in adult decision-making competence. (2007, background): “One important exception is Stanovich and West (1998, 2000), who report significant positive correlations between performance on tasks measuring, for example, hindsight bias, logical reasoning, and statistical reasoning.”
Herbert Simon's Decision-Making Approach: Investigation of Cognitive Processes in Experts (2010, background): “Stanovich and West (2000) claimed that the fact that those who make decisions according to formal models tend to be more intelligent, is an indication that following formal models is a hallmark of rationality.”
Reasoning counterfactually: making inferences about things that didn't happen. (2002, background): “Perhaps surprisingly, there is very little research in the cognitive science of reasoning on individual differences (with some notable exceptions; e.g., Stanovich, 1999; Stanovich & West, 2000 ).”
Dual Process Th eories (2013, neutral): “To this end, Kahneman (2003) distinguished between two systems, generically described as System 1 and System 2 (see Stanovich & West, 2000), that are assumed to underlie intuition versus reasoning.”
Free will in consumer behavior: Self-control, ego depletion, and choice (2008, neutral): “Kahneman and Frederick (2002) and Stanovich and West (2000) have referred to the two modes of processing as System 1 and System 2.”
Cognitive Biases in the Assimilation of Scientific Information on Global Warming and Genetically Modified Food (2015, background): “Stanovich and West (2000) formally defined two generic modes of cognitive function, System 1 and System 2.”
Doing without Concepts (2009, background): “2 are the dual-process theories, developed, among others, by psychologists Jonathan Evans (Evans and Over 1996), Steven Sloman (Sloman 1996), Keith Stanovich (e.g., Stanovich 1999; Stanovich and West 2000), Timothy Wilson (2002), and Daniel Kahneman (Kahneman and Frederick 2002).”
Two minds, three ways: dual system and dual process models in consumer psychology (2012, background): “…two systems of thought with different capacities and processes (Evans 2003, 2008; Kahneman 2011; Kahneman and Frederick 2002; Metcalfe and Mischel 1999; Sloman 1996; Smith and DeCoster 2000; Strack and Deutsch 2004), which have been referred to as System 1 and System 2 (Stanovich and West 2000).”
Intuitive vs analytical thinking: four perspectives (2009, background): “Here, we will mainly discuss the dual-process theory (introduced below) and the heuristicsand-biases research program in cognitive psychology (led by Kahneman & Tversky over the last 30 years; cf., e.g., Evans 2003, 2008; Gilovich, Griffin, & Kahneman, 2002; Kahneman, 2002; Stanovich & West, 2000, ”
Working memory and everyday conditional reasoning: Retrieval and inhibition of stored counterexamples (2005, background): “Working memory and everyday conditional reasoning: Retrieval and inhibition of stored counterexamples Wim De Neys, Walter Schaeken, and Géry d’Ydewalle”
Enhancing decisions and decision‐making processes through the application of emotional intelligence skills (2011, background): “Stanovich and West (2000) divided cognitive functions between those that were faster, effortless, implicit and emotional as compared to those that were slower, conscious, explicit and logical.”
Framing effects: An analytic–holistic perspective ☆ (2003, methodology): “Stanovich and West (2000) argue that individuals with a high level of analytic intelligence are more likely to engage in system 2 processing, and that, at times, individuals with especially high levels of cognitive ability will have the requisite computational ability to override the influences of…”
Public perception of climate risk and adaptation in the UK: A review of the literature (2014, background): “Dual-process theories have identified two modes of thought, the intuitive and the analytic (Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996; Stanovich and West, 2000, 2008).”
On dual processing and heuristic approaches to moral cognition (2008, methodology): “For illustrative purposes we have adopted the System 1 and System 2 nomenclature of Stanovich and West (2000) to capture the generic properties of the two processes.”