A comparison of predictors of early emerging gender differences in mathematics competency

By M. Carr, H. Steiner, Brandon Kyser, Barry D. Biddlecomb. 2008

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Girls’ Spatial Skills and Arithmetic Strategies in First Grade as Predictors of Fifth-Grade Analytical Math Reasoning (2017, background): “counting with fingers or other objects, whereas boys tend to prefer advanced mental strategies that involve retrieving answers from memory (Bailey, Littlefield, & Geary, 2012; Carr & Davis, 2001; Carr & Jessup, 1997; Carr et al., 2008; Fennema et al., 1998; Shen, Vasilyeva, & Laski, 2016).”
Why Are Some STEM Fields More Gender Balanced Than Others? (2017, unknown): “…and when correlations between spatial and math performance are compared with other correlations, it is “not convincing evidence that spatial skill is well related to mathematical ability” (Friedman, 1995, p. 40; see also Carr, Steiner, Kyser, & Biddlecomb, 2008; Ganley & Vasilyeva, 2011).”
Spatial Skills as a Predictor of First Grade Girls' Use of Higher Level Arithmetic Strategies. (2013, methodology): “Separate analyses is a commonly used procedure to examine factors predicting strategy use (e.g., Carr et al., 2008; Imbo, Vandierendonck, & Rosseel, 2007; Lemaire & Siegler, 1995); thus, we used this approach to make it possible to compare findings with the studies most frequently cited in the…”