Fatty acid requirements in ontogeny of marine and freshwater fish

By D. Tocher. 2010

1,019 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Essential fatty acid (EFA) requirements vary qualitatively and quantitatively with both species and during ontogeny of fish, with early developmental stages and broodstock being critical periods. Environment and/or trophic level are major factors, with freshwater/diadromous species generally requiring C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) whereas marine fish have a strict requirement for long-chain PUFA, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids. Other than marine fish larvae, defining precise quantitative or semi-quantitative EFA requirements in fish have received less attention in recent years. However, the changes to feed formulations being forced upon the aquaculture industry by the pressing need for sustainable development, namely the replacement of marine fish meal and oils with plant-derived products, have reintroduced EFA into the research agenda. It is particularly important to note that the physiological requirements of the fish to prevent deficiency pathologies and produce optimal growth may not parallel the requirements for maintaining nutritional quality. For instance, salmonids can be successfully cultured on vegetable oils devoid of long-chain n-3 PUFA but not without potentially compromising their health benefits to the human consumer. Solving this problem will require detailed knowledge of the biochemical and molecular basis of EFA requirements and metabolism.

Subfields: Aquatic Science, Immunology, Physiology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/faa44561c663108e7ebf8dee96c077bef721a528

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Aquatic Science

1. D. Tocher
2. G. Turchini
3. L. Gasco
4. Ó. Monroig
5. G. Mourente
6. M. Betancor
7. A. Oboh
8. Y. Olsen

In Immunology

1. D. Tocher
2. G. Turchini
3. Ó. Monroig
4. M. Betancor
5. A. Oboh
6. G. Mourente
7. Y. Olsen
8. S. Morais

In Physiology

1. Ó. Monroig
2. G. Turchini
3. D. Tocher
4. M. Betancor
5. A. Oboh
6. Y. Olsen
7. G. Mourente
8. Maria-José Caramujo

Citations in the corpus

• Hermetia illucens meal as fish meal replacement for rainbow trout on farm (2017, background): “However, for several fish species, including salmonids, n-3 PUFA (EPA and DHA) are more effective in meeting the EFA requirements than linolenic acid alone (Tocher, 2010).”
• Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: Past and future (2015, background): “Freshwater fish usually require the dietary inclusion of 163 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA) (Tocher et al., 2008; Tocher, 2010), whereas marine fish generally require the dietary 164 inclusion of highly unsaturated FAs (HUFA) (Rainuzzo et al., 1997; Hasan, 2001; Sargent et al., 2002; Tocher et 165 al.,…”
• The Various Roles of Fatty Acids (2018, background): “Freshwater fish are reported to have a greater ability for conversion of C18 PUFA to long chain PUFA than marine species, which is attributed to deficiencies in at least one key enzyme of the long chain PUFA biosynthesis pathway in marine fish [28,29].”
• Elongation of long-chain fatty acids in rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus: Cloning, functional characterisation and tissue distribution of Elovl5- and Elovl4-like elongases (2012, background): “Historically, marine fish have been regarded as species with limited capability for de novo LC-PUFA biosynthesis in comparison to freshwater and salmonid fish (Tocher, 2010).”
• Fatty Acids in Fish (2017, background): “The EPA and DHA requirements of fish respond to the n‐3 HUFA rich nutrients in marine environments because primary food sources, such as marine algae and planktons, and also other food sources, are known to be rich in EPA and DHA and contain lower levels of linoleic acid and linolenic acid [25, 26].”
• Antioxidant defense system is altered by dietary oxidized lipid in first-feeding rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (2014, background): “, 2005) are found in the tissues of fish, right from early ontogeny (Tocher, 2010).”
• Skeletal anomalies in reared European fish larvae and juveniles. Part 2: main typologies, occurrences and causative factors (2013, background): “Essential fatty acid requirements vary qualitatively and quantitatively with both species and during ontogeny of fish, with early developmental stages and broodstock being critical periods (for review see Tocher 2010 and Rønnestad et al. 2013).”
• Fish oil replacement with different vegetable oils in Murray cod: Evidence of an “omega-3 sparing effect” by other dietary fatty acids (2011, background): “, 2010), and a considerable amount of knowledge has been generated relative to the resultant modifications of lipid and fatty acid metabolism (Tocher, 2010; Tocher et al., 2003a; Torstensen and Tocher, 2010).”
• Interactions between aquaculture and fisheries (2013, background): “While many carnivorous species are incapable or inefficient in synthesising HUFAs from precursor long chain fatty acids, many freshwater and diadromous (forage fish) species have this capability [53,59].”
• Biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the African catfish Clarias gariepinus: Molecular cloning and functional characterisation of fatty acyl desaturase (fads2) and elongase (elovl2) cDNAs7 (2016, background): “…on dietary sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids 51 (PUFA) such as α-linolenic (ALA, 18:3n-3) and linoleic (LA, 18:2n-6) acids as they lack the 52 ∆12 and ∆15 desaturases required for the synthesis of LA and ALA from oleic acid (18:1n-9) 53 (Tocher, 2010, 2015; Tocher and Glencross, 2015).”
• Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective (2015, methodology): “The qualitative and quantitative EFA requirements of fish are reported in detail in earlier reviews (Glencross, 2009; Tocher, 2010) and are discussed in detail in the recently updated NRC volume on the Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp (NRC, 2011).”