An empirical examination of perceived retail crowding, emotions, and retail outcomes

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Consequences of Perceived Crowding: A Meta-Analytical Perspective (2019, background): “presumptions of perceived crowding having solely negative impacts on shoppers, our metaanalysis highlights the opposing effects of human and spatial crowding within a common model, including how various customer and environmental moderations may diminish or enhance some of their effects (Li et al. 2”
Examining the Differential Impact of Human Crowding Versus Spatial Crowding on Visitor Satisfaction at a Festival (2016, methodology): “For example, Li et al. (2009) found that spatial crowding (due to high spatial density) reduces shoppers’ positive emotions (i.e. pleasure, arousal, and dominance).”
Let the music play...or not: the influence of background music on consumer behaviour (2012, unknown): “Since Donovan and Rossiter (1982) first applied the Mehrabian–Russell model, it has also been validated in various consumption settings, such as retail settings (Li et al., 2009; Rompay et al., 2008) and restaurants (Jang and Namkung, 2009; Yinghua and SooCheong, 2009).”
Human factors in retail environments: a review (2012, background): “In the discount or hypermarket retail environment, positive feelings, such as pleasure and dominance, can be evoked in shoppers when human crowding is perceived (Li et al., 2009).”