The Relative Effectiveness of Inoculation, Bolstering, and Combined Approaches in Crisis Communication

By Hua-Hsin Wan, Michael Pfau. 2004

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Use of inoculation to foster resistance to credit card marketing targeting college students (2004, methodology): “…confer resistance, as supported by laboratory experiments (e.g., Pfau et al., 2003) and has been successfully used in applied settings like political campaigns (e.g., Pfau, Park, Holbert, & Cho, 2001), public relations (e.g., Wan & Pfau, 2004), and advertising (e.g., Burgoon, Pfau, & Birk, 1995).”
Resistance to Change: The Rest of the Story (2008, background): “…to credit card advertisements (Compton & Pfau, 2004), preventing the erosion of public attitudes toward an organization following a crisis (Wan & Pfau, 2004), and increasing the resistance of supporters of political candidates to attack messages from opposing candidates (Pfau & Burgoon,…”
Inoculation Theory of Resistance to Influence at Maturity: Recent Progress In Theory Development and Application and Suggestions for Future Research (2005, background): “In the absence of a crisis, however, the image promotion approach was slightly superior in maintaining positive organizational image, thus intimating a potential downside to inoculation (Wan & Pfau, 2004).”