OPTIMAL AND NORMAL AFFECT BALANCE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY OF MAJOR DEPRESSION: EVALUATION OF THE BALANCED STATES OF MIND MODEL

By R. Schwartz, Charles F. Reynolds III, M. Thase, E. Frank, A. Fasiczka, David A. F. Haaga. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2002

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Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. (2005, methodology): “According to this model, normal functioning is characterized by ratios near 2.5, 1 whereas optimal functioning is characterized by ratios near 4.3 (Schwartz et al., 2002).”
Positive psychotherapy: A strength-based approach (2015, background): “Depressed individuals seeking therapy experience lower than one positive for every one negative (Schwartz et al., 2002).”
The Contributions of Positive and Negative Affect to Emotional Well-Being (2009, background): “Schwartz and colleagues (Schwartz, 1997; Schwartz et al. 2002) took up the question of the ratio of PA to NA in a study of psychotherapy for depression.”
Of Memes and Marriage: Toward a Positive Relationship Science (2010, background): “It may also account for why relationship (Gottman, 1994) and individual (Schwartz et al., 2002) well-being are characterized by a higher ratio of positives to negatives.”
Optimism predicting employees' creativity: The mediating role of positive affect and the positivity ratio (2012, background): “The third most important finding of this study corroborates the literature suggesting that positivity ratio, not just positive affective states, predicts human flourishing (Fredrickson & Losada, 2005) and other positive outcomes at both the individual and collective levels (Fredrickson, 2008, 2009; ”