Are the Unskilled Really that Unaware? An Alternative Explanation

By Marian Krajč, Andreas Ortmann. 2008

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Estimating the Relationship between Skill and Overconfidence (2017, background): “2 Krueger and Mueller (2002) argue that the Dunning–Kruger effect may be a statistical artifact caused by regression effects and the better-than-average effect.”
How unaware are the unskilled? Empirical tests of the “signal extraction” counterexplanation for the Dunning–Kruger effect in self-evaluation of performance (2013, methodology): “Across three data sets, we put this Dunning–Kruger pattern of performance estimates under close scrutiny, with an eye toward testing a signal-extraction account for it (Krajč & Ortmann, 2008).”