Linguistic Intergroup Bias: Stereotype Perpetuation Through Language

By Anne Maass. 1999

Subfields: Cognitive Science & Psychology, Social Sciences & Humanities

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Citations in the corpus

Language (Technology) is Power: A Critical Survey of “Bias” in NLP (2020, background): “For example, language is the means through which social groups are labeled and one way that beliefs about social groups are transmitted (e.g., Maass, 1999; Beukeboom and Burgers, 2019).”
Language Generation Models Can Cause Harm: So What Can We Do About It? An Actionable Survey (2022, background): “…(Lin et al., 2021c; Shliazhko et al., 2022) which people and societies perpetuate stereotypes (Bar-Tal et al., 2013; Wetherell and Potter, 1993; Maass, 1999; Coates, 2015) and manipulate opinions (Chong and Druckman, 2007; Russell Neuman et al., 2014; Bradshaw et al., 2021)—LMs that generate…”
Situated Social Cognition (2007, background): “The so-called linguistic intergroup bias (Maass, 1999) effect is that, when describing positive in-group behaviors, people tend to use abstract concepts (e.g., adjectives) to imply that such behaviors are enduring characteristics of in-groupmembers.”
Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality. (2011, unknown): “…in language can have a causal effect on people’s behavior and attitudes (e.g., Boroditsky, 2001; Fitzsimons & Kay, 2004; Hoffman & Tchir, 1990; Maass, 1999; Maass, Salvi, Arcuri, & Semin, 1989; Newcombe & Arnkoff, 1979; Reitsma-van Rooijen, Semin, & van Leeuwen, 2007), subtle variations in…”
Mechanisms of linguistic bias: How words reflect and maintain stereotypic expectancies (2014, background): “Research on linguistic bias has revealed a number of implicit linguistic variations that play a crucial role in this process (Maass, 1999; Wigboldus & Douglas, 2007).”
Stepmothers are mean and academics are pretentious: What do pretrained language models learn about you? (2021, unknown): “Psychology studies show that beliefs about social groups are transmitted and shaped through language (Maass, 1999; Beukeboom and Burgers, 2019).”
Socially Situated Cognition: Cognition in its Social Context (2004, background): “A third line of research shows how communicators flexibly and strategically use language to influence an audience (e.g., Maass, 1999; Semin et al., 2003; Wigboldus, et al., 2000).”
Gender Stereotypes. (2018, background): “Conversely, when these same behaviors are displayed by someone for whom they are counter-stereotypical, more concrete terms (such as action verbs) are used (Maass 1999).”
Biases in News Media as Reflected by Personal Pronouns in Evaluative Contexts (2014, background): “For example, in international sports news, a linguistic bias was found in descriptions of the national team; and in political news, descriptions of intergroup relations reflected linguistic biases in favor of the political position of the newspaper (Maass, 1999; Wigboldus & Douglas, 2007).”
Social Identity, Self-Categorization, and the Communication of Group Norms (2006, background): “People also tend to use more abstract language to describe behaviors that are consistent with normative expectations and more concrete language to describe behaviors that are inconsistent with normative expectations (Maass, 1999; Wigboldus, Semin, & Spears, 2000).”
Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Survey (2023, background): “Language can make concrete the categorization and differentiation of social groups, giving voice to generic or derogatory labels, and linking categories of people to stereotypical, unrepresentative, or overly general characteristics (Beukeboom & Burgers, 2019; Maass, 1999).”
Staying on track: Planned goal striving is protected from disruptive internal states (2010, methodology): “We then measured gender stereotyping of female target persons implicitly by assessing the linguistic expectancy bias (LEB; Maass, 1999; Wigboldus, Semin, & Spears, 2000).”
Expanding the Assessment of Attitude Components and Structure: The Benefits of Open-ended Measures (2002, unknown): “For example, Maass (1999) has conducted extensive research identifying variation in the categorization of ingroup and outgroup traits and behaviors.”
How Stereotypes Are Shared Through Language: A Review and Introduction of the Social Categories and Stereotypes Communication (SCSC) Framework (2019, background): “The effects of linguistic abstraction on evaluations of the speaker in an intergroup context: Using the Linguistic Intergroup Bias makes you a good group member.”
Intergroup bias. (2002, background): “…(a) the relative concreteness-abstractness of written language in response to expectancy-consistent vs. inconsistent behaviors (for a review, see Maass 1999); (b) indirect self-report measures (e.g., involving attributional biases) (Von Hippel et al. 1997); (c) response-latency procedures…”
Comprehensive stereotype content dictionaries using a semi‐automated method (2020, background): “Stereotypes are beliefs about social groups and are encoded and shaped through language (Maass, 1999).”